Chapter 18 The Classification of Organisms Organizing and classifying living things

Taxonomy 1. Species: a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring 2. a science that involves the naming and classifying of living organisms.

Binomial Nomenclature Developed by Carlos Linnaeus Two Word system for naming organisms Universal!

Scientific Name A. genus-similar species B. species-basic biological unit C. Genus capitalized, species lower case Example: Homo sapien

Advantages A. many common names- eliminates confusion. B. every species has its own scientific name. What animal is this ? –puma –Mountain lion –Cougar –Panther –Felis concolor

Eliminates Confusion!

Classifying Species into Large Groups 1. Taxa (taxon)- a group or level of organization to which an organisms are classified. Classification System **based on shared characteristics Kingdom- group of phylum

What’s in a Kingdom B. phylum- a set of classes C. class- a set of orders D. order- a group of families E. family- a group of genuses F. genus G. species

Make up a saying! Kingkingdom Philphylum CameClass Overorder Forfamily Goodgenus Spaghettispecies

Hybrids

Coy-dogs? No Coy-Wolf Western Coyote- moved east. Great Lakes Wolf population- almost hunted to extinction The two population interbreed to create the Eastern Coyote: Not afraid of humans Hang out in family units

Review Questions 1. What is the science of naming and classifying organisms called? 2. What is binomial nomenclature? 3. How are scientific names written? 4. What are the advantages of using scientific names vs. common names? 5. What is the order in which organisms are classified? Start with kingdom, …

18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of lineages. Common Ancestor - members are placed in taxa based on relatedness. Clade- a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.

What is a Cladogram? Cladograms- links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched from a common ancestor.

Derived Characteristics 1. a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed a long to its descendants. 2. Which are derived characteristics of a coyotes and lions? –4 limbs –Hair –Specialized teeth –Retractable claws

Reading Cladograms –This cladogram shows a simplified phylogeny of the cat family.

DNA in Classification DNA comparisons help make evolutionary trees more accurate. For Example: –African Vulture –American Vulture –Storks

18.3 Building the Tree of Life

The Tree of All Life

DOMAIN: the largest of the classification categories THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS: 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya The differences between these Domains are based upon cell type: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

Domain Bacteria 1. Prokaryotic 2. Unicellular 3.No nucleus or membrane bound organelles 4. Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Domain Archaea Are prokaryotic Are unicellular Look like bacteria but have a different type of cell wall and cell membrane They can live in “extreme” environments

Domain Eukarya All organisms that have a nucleus. –Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantea Animalia

Kingdom Protista in the Domain Eukarya 1. Eukaryotic 2. Unicellular 3. Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles 4.Protozoa-animal-like protists 5. Some photosynthetic (red, green, brown and multicellular algea in protista.

Kelp forest:brown algae

Kingdom Fungi: in the Domain Eukarya A. Eukaryotic B. molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. C. Parasites and decomposers D. both unicellular and multicellular E. have enzymes and digest materials outside then absorb it. Cell wall-composed of chitin

Kingdom Plantae- in the Domain Eukarya A. Eukaryotic B. Cell wall-composed of cellulose C. Multicellular D. tissue and organ specialization E. lack movement F. Photosynthetic- have chloroplasts & can make their own food

Kingdom Animalia- in the Domain Eukarya A. Eukaryotic B. All multicellular C. more organisms in this kingdom than any other. Levels of organization are present: –Cells –Tissues –Organs –Organ system

Animals continued E. Heterotrophs-have to eat food Invertebrates- no backbone(insects, worms, Mr.Via) Vertebrates-have backbones(fish, snakes, and humans.) Sexual reproduction is more common.