1) What evolutionary force creates adaptations A) mutation B) genetic drift C) selection D) migration

2) Adaptations are favored because A) they help the species survive B) they are more advanced C) they create a balanced ecosystem D) they promote the reproduction of the genes that code for them E) all of the above

3) Independent contrasts A) are used to ensure statistical independence of data points in comparative studies B) require phylogenetic information about the group under study C) are the differences between taxa that have arisen after the taxa diverged from a common ancestor D) all of the above

4) trade-offs A) affect virtually all traits B) cause traits to be optimized not maximized C) can be due to functional trade-offs and/or allocation trade-offs D) all of the above

5) Should we expect all traits of all organisms to be perfectly adapted A) yes, selection is sufficiently strong as to cause adaptation everywhere B) no, because evolution is random C) no, because environments change over time and because there are phylogenetic constraints and trade-offs