Language History and Change SECTION 1 CHAPTER 1 Language History and Change GABRIEL FERNANDO JARA MUÑOZ

Origins: Before we start 5000 languages in the World Produced by such as 30 Family Languages Germanic Italic Celtic Indo-Iranian Hellenic Balto-Slavic COMMON ANCESTOR seems to have a called PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN

Origins: The common Ancestor PROTO (FIRST) (original) INDO EUROPEAN

How can be hypothesized proto-indo-European as an ancestor language? BY: Comparing E.g. Spanish- Italian-Latin Identifying features Spelling, Pronunciation, Meaning Analysing History Cultural clashes, invasions , colonisations, Family languages

Common Features: COGNATES E.g. PROTO- INDO-EUROPEAN. Germanic Family. English-German COGNATES are words with a common etymological origin presenting similar FORM MEANING English – German angel  r Engel muscle  r Muskel mother  e Mutter fish n.  r Fisch friend m. r Freund Influences in future English and German *Etymology Studies the history of words (history, formation, meaning through the time)

Common Features: COGNATES Comparative Reconstruction uses Cognate Sets of a Languages Family Language from a to Reconstruct the Ancestor Language based on Common features Majority Principle Most Natural Development Principle presenting two principles (Common sound changes) Most of the words in a language have the same sound in the beginning of the utterance Final vowels disappear Voiceless sounds become voiced between voiced vowels Stops become fricatives Consonants become voiceless at the end of words

Language Change: OLD English 7th Century to the end of the 11th Century Influences 6th Century 8th Century 10th Century 5th Century Germanic language Spoken tribes invaded British Isles Conversion of the anglo saxons to Christianity INVADED Vikings came across and invaded coastal regions of Britain Religion Vocabulary Anglo Saxons Jutes Consequences: English got many of the basic words used today Eg. Mann (Man), etan (eat) Drincan (drink), cild (child) Consequences: Because of their new beliefs, anglo saxons integrated religious vocabulary into English Eg. Church, priest, candle, angel Consequences: Because of this Cultural clash, new words were Added to English from Old Norse, Vikings language. Eg. Give, law, skin, leg, sky, they

Language Change: MIDDLE English 1100 to 1500 Influences Literature 1066 Norman French Invasion In England English still remained as it can be seen in Chaucer’s writings, in which a sort of English version of French was used for the reason that was considered a language of prestigue. William the Conqueror. French became the ruling class Consequences: French became the language of the Nobility, government, law and civilized behaviour. Eg. Army, court, defence,Faith, prison, tax

Language Change: MODERN English 1500 to Present 1500 to present Shakespeare as a main exponent of the many changes from old English to Modern English The invention of the Printing Press Consequences: Helped to spread the language to the people as well as educate them Consequences: - Many words were created - It helped to the standardization of English (acceptation) Literature New Technology English experimented many changes Because of all of the new advanced a great quantity of books started to be printed, therefore people had the chance to accessed to information as well as language (grammar books, dictionaries) Sound Changing -Letter “e” at the end of words disappeared (as well as many others like the sound /x/) -“th” became “s Syntactic Changing Lexical Changing Features of English Education

Sound Changes Syntactic Changes Lexical Changes Language Change: About the CHANGES Sound Changes -Change in vowels hu:s  haws (house) -Elimination of some sounds like: /x/ Reversal of place of two adjoining sounds (Metathesis) -The addition of a sound into centre of a word (Epenthesis) -The addition of a sound to the beginning of a word (Prothesis) Syntactic Changes Changing in word order ( Verb-Subject, to Subject Verb) -Double Negative “And not gave you me never a kid” Lexical Changes -Borrowed words, which are no longer in use. -Broadening the meaning and uses of words E.g. Holy Day (a specific day) Holiday (general break from work) Narrowing the meaning and uses of words E.g. Mete (any kind of food) Meat (a certain type of food )

AS WELL AS course of time gradual change Language Change: The process of change Language point A in time course of time gradual change Language point B in time Social Changes The process of Change can be analyzed AS WELL AS Wars, invasions Diachronically Synchronically which means which means Uses of language according to generations Historical Perspective One language in different places at the same time