Dar al-Islam literally = House of Islam commonly refers to lands heavily influenced by Islam or where Muslims can practice freely along with China, Dar al-Islam drives the history of the Post-Classical Era

Mediterranean Red Sea Persian Gulf Atlantic Ocean Arabian Peninsula Near East Anatolia Sahara Persia Byzantine Empire Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire Damascus Baghdad Spain Cordoba

Key Terms Arab = originally a resident of the Arabian Peninsula, then a speaker of Arabic Bedouin = nomads of the Arabian Peninsula Islam = “submission” monotheistic religion that grew out of Christianity & teaching of Muhammad Muslim = “one who submits” person who practices Islam

Nomadic Life in the Pre-Islamic Arab World

Bedouins Center of Arab culture Tribal Filled w/ rivalry & competition Animistic polytheism On periphery of civilization

Towns & Trade Bedouin herders trade with oasis towns

Examples

The Rise of Islam

Muhammad* Jesus* Abraham David Moses* Judaism Christianity Islam

Judaism – a primer 1 god = Yahweh Prophets: 1 st = Abraham, founder= Moses Religion of practice Belief in covenant Text = Torah (Old Testament of Bible) No clear hierarchy in leadership

Christianity – a primer 1 god = Yahweh Prophets: 1 st = Abraham, founder= Jesus Religion of faith Strong belief in missionary work Text = Bible - Old Testament & New Testament (life of Jesus) Hierarchical leadership (Pope in Rome, Patriarch in Constantinople)

Islam – a primer 1 god = Allah Prophets: 1 st = Abraham, founder= Muhammad Religion of faith & practice Strong belief in missionary work Text = Quran – believed to be exact word of god No clear hierarchy

Islam 5 Pillars most basic customs that support Islam 1.Profession of Faith  There is only 1 god, Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger

Gulzar

Zoomorphic

Tughra

Bowl w/ Foliated Calligraphy

Qur'an

Rare illustrated version of the “Life of the Prophet”

Marble Wall in Afghanistan

Practices: 5 Pillars 2.Prayer  Pray 5 times daily at prescribed times (dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, after sundown)  Face Mecca

The Haram (Great Mosque)

Practices: 5 Pillars 3.Charity  systematic giving of 2.5% of one's wealth each year to benefit the poor

Great Mosque of Qairawwan

Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil

Practices: 5 Pillars 4.Fasting  Fast during the holy month of Ramadan

Practices: 5 Pillars 5.Pilgrimage (Hajj)  the journey to holy city of Mecca that every adult Muslim must undertake at least once

Significance of 5 Pillars on Islam Unity, equality, common experience Travel, trade, exchange Building of universities & centers of learning Study of astronomy

Comparing Monotheistic Religions Using World Civilization doc reader: Compare beliefs/attitudes toward god & practices. 1. Judaism & Old Testament (pg. 11) 2. Christianity & New Testament (pg. 101) 3. Islam & Koran (pg. 114)

Crisis After Muhammad’s Death Faced Two Main Problems: 1.Arabic tribes leave Muslim community 2.Who should succeed Muhammad leadership? Caliph (successor, deputy): political & religious leader Results: Dispute b/t Sunni & Shia

Sunni Feel that devout Muslims can be caliphs even if not related to Muhammad Make up approximately 80% of world Muslim population today Supported Abu Bakr Friend of Muhammad's; early convert to Islam Becomes 1 st caliph

Shi'a Only accepted caliphs who were direct descendants of Muhammad Supported Ali Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law Believe rule of first three caliphs was illegitimate

Crisis After Muhammad’s Death Result of dispute b/t Sunni & Shia: Conflict allows the sunni Umayyad clan to rise to power

Umayyad Empire -Arab -Conquerors

Timeline – pt1 597 = Byzantine & Persian Wars 613 = Muhammad begins preaching = Early Caliphs = Umayyad Empire

Umayyad Empire stretched from Spain to central Asia Administrative Reforms Caliph appointed governors to rule far-flung provinces Governors ruled from strong garrison towns Spoils from victories helped finance Umayyad government Bureaucracy & military dominated by Muslim Arab elite

Instituted a three-level tax system: 1) Muslim Arabs: approx 4% of population not taxed 2) Muslim converts (non-Arab): approx 6% of population, largest land owners paid land tax 3) Non-Muslims & “People of the Book”: approx 90% of population paid land tax paid jizya (head tax) for security subject to own laws & courts

The Down Fall of Umayyad in 750 Revolt? Led by: Devout Muslims upset with extravagance of Umayyad leadership Shias Muslim converts (non-Arabs)

Abbasid Caliphate Replaced Umayyad in 750 Read primary docs to find out what Abbasid Empire & its capital city (Bagdad) was like Ben Tudela was Jewish & from Spain Ibn Battuta was Muslim & from Morocco 1.What was Baghdad & Abbasid leadership like according to these two travelers? 2.How does the authors’ backgrounds influence their accounts?

Abbasid -Islamic flowering -Preservers

Abbasid Umayyad

Mediterranean Red Sea Persian Gulf Atlantic Ocean Arabian Peninsula Near East Anatolia Sahara Persia Byzantine Empire Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire Damascus Baghdad Spain Cordoba

Timeline – pt = Abbasid = strong Abbasid Era, wars of succession 945 – Buyid Persians capture Baghdad 1055 – Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad 1096 – Crusades start 1258 – Mongols overthrow Abbasid, end Caliphate

Rise of Abbasid Party Abbasid (the party of Abbas, tracing descent from Muhammad’s uncle) Revolt dethroned Umayyad & captured capital Supported by: Devout Muslims who opposed extravagant Umayyad Persian Muslims who resented secondary status Shia Muslims who did not recognize Sunni caliphs al-Abbas slaughtered Umayyad family at “Reconciliation Banquet”

Early Abbasid Era Built off of Umayyad precedent: Rejected revolutionary allies (Shia) & defended Sunni Time of: Wealth Learning But, clearly different…

Islamic Conversion Mass conversions to Islam were encouraged throughout the empire. Most converts were won over peacefully because of appeal of Islamic beliefs and advantages they enjoyed: - didn’t have to pay head tax - educational opportunities - jobs as traders, administrators, judges

Abbasid Policies Centralizing forces More complex bureaucracy Created position of chief minister, wazir Used Persian ruling concepts Decentralizing forces Strained leadership & succession problems Influence of external groups Provinces at outer reaches broke away or failed to forward taxes

Wealth & Prosperity Commercial boom financed art, literature, palaces Thrones of gold & jewels Harems Elitism!

Thousand and One Nights Read inset on pg. 145 Answer the questions at the bottom

Reason for wealth & learning… Agrarian Expansion & Commercial Boom

New Crops & Urban Growth Several factors led to strong internal economy 1. Location 2. Size of empire 3. Beliefs of Islam Hajj View of merchants “People of the Book”

New Crops & Urban Growth Fostered diffusion of crops & technologies Sugarcane, rice, eggplants, oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, cotton Irrigation, fertilization, crop rotation Impact = more planting seasons, increased food supplies, urban growth, wealthy merchant & landlord class, slave trade Camel, camel saddle, compass, paper, astrolabe, triangular lateen sail, dhows Impact = formation of hemispheric trading zone

Hemispheric Trading Zone Acting as merchants on Silk Roads Acting as merchants on Trans-Sahara Routes Acting as merchants on Indian Ocean Impact: Interconnection b/t Africa, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, China; Improved banking; New business forms that spread risks Example = Africa

Wealth & Prosperity Commercial boom fostered urbanization Baghdad New capital Richest city in the world

Era of Learning Commercial boom financed science After Islam Receptive to accomplishments of conquered civs Translated & built on Greek works Religious, legal, philosophical, scientific, & mathematic treatises flourish (Empire of Faith: Baghdad city of scholars & science)

Review: Compare Caliphates With a partner, create a poster of words & visuals that compares & contrasts… the Umayyad Empire OR the Abbasid Empire with A classical empire of your choice.

Review: Impact of Islam on World

Timeline – pt = Last Christian Crusader state falls 1300s = Ottoman Turks enter Middle East & fill power vacuum 1453 = Ottomans conquer Constantinople, establishing a new Muslim empire in the Middle East & ending the Byzantine