ISLAM 600-1200 CE

I. Islam Islam= “submission to Allah” Monotheistic Five Pillars of Islam Prophets- Muhammad was LAST prophet Last Judgment “The unbelievers of the People of the Book and the pagans shall burn forever in the fire of Hell” God’s will is supreme: 1: 1. In the name of ALLAH, the Gracious, the Merciful. 1: 2. All praise is due to ALLAH alone, Lord of all the worlds. 1: 3. The Gracious, the Merciful. 1: 4. Master of the Day of Judgment. 1: 5. THEE alone do we worship and THEE alone do we implore for help. 1: 6. Guide us in the straight path, 1: 7. The path of those on whom THOU hast bestowed THY favours, those who have not incurred THY displeasure and those who have not gone astray.

II. Roots Allah created earth and man/woman in Genesis Adam-> Noah-> Shem (Semite)-> Abraham-> Sarah-> ISAAC (Jewish faith) Isaac stayed in Palestine Abraham-> Hagar-> ISHMAEL (Islam faith) Ishmael goes to where Mecca would be built Believed that Moses and Jesus were prophets; Muhammad is the last prophet

Mecca caravan routes converge here because of KAABA II. Roots continued… Bedoiun nomadic tribes Bedoiun nomadic tribes Mecca caravan routes converge here because of KAABA Bedoiun nomadic tribes Bedoiun nomadic tribes Meccan leaders drive out Muhammad and followers. Muhammad preaches “there is only ONE God”! Muhammad+followers flee to Medina: HIJRA

IV. Division after Muhammad’s Death Shi’ites/Shia About 15% of Muslims Islam’s leader should be descendent of Muhammad Religious leaders have authority to interpret sharia Sunnis About 85% of Muslims Leaders chosen through consensus of umma: Muslim community Sharia (Islamic Law) was codified

V. Spread of Islam Under CALIPHATE (successors to Muhammad) conquered area stretching from Spain in west to India in east Animated map 2. How was Islam able to spread so far so quickly? Zeal of new converts Weakened Byzantine and Sassanid territories Overtaxed peasants and oppressed minorities wanted change Islam offered attractive prospect of unity in all aspects of life Everyone EQUAL before Allah

VI. Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates Umayyad conquests stretch from Spain to Indus Valley (India) Umayyad falls in 750 because: Secular in nature Rebellions from non-Arab Muslims Shi’ites attacked legitimacy of their rule Abbasid rise: More concerned with religion Moved capital to Baghdad; established House of Wisdom Abbasid declines in 945 because: Empire too big Provinces break away: cuts tax flow to Baghdad

VII. Seljuk Turks Animated map Ruled by a Sultan Defeated Byzantines in Turkey Islamic world regressed economically/culturally: Cities shrank Irrigation works in disrepair When Shi’ites/Sunnis fought, government did NOT intervene Baghdad loses prestige and canals are destroyed Christian Crusaders take Jerusalem 1099; Saladin retakes Jerusalem in 3rd Crusade 1187