19 th century Nationalism & Imperialism

Napoleonic Empire 1812

Congress of Vienna

Austria, Russia, Prussia & England (later France)

Age of Diplomacy Will govern by accord, diplomatic balance of power within Europe. Decides to restore order in the old, conservative ways – with KINGS. No wars between the states of Europe Promotion of national interests – WHAT IS NATIONALISM? How do you get people behind it?

European Imperialism Imperialism becomes intricately tied to Nationalism both economically and politically. – An expression of a nation’s wealth and influence – Furthering the previous colonial interests to supply raw goods for production of finished goods through industrialization. – Primary areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America

Imperial Problems German and Italian Unification in the s. Attempts to control the rate of change and prevent political upheaval. Nationalism fuels unification through “non- wars.” Franco-Prussian War, Austrian-Prussian War. Crimean War 1855

Concerns over Russia’s expansion in Crimean War (1855) Declining Ottoman Empire, including SE Europe. Access to Mediterranean Shift of balance of power Fr & Eng. Help the Ottomans AGAINST Russia

British Empire 19 th c.

French English venture for access to the Red Sea from Mediterranean; crucial for access to Asia by Europe. akg-images Opening of Suez Canal, 1869

Congress of Berlin 1872 Gathered to apportion the empires of Europe Competition for colonies among non- empires sets up alliances for WW I Otto von Bismarck sets up this conference to try to deal with Partitioning of Africa Decline of the Ottoman Empire Territories in Asia Stop expansion of Russia

Ottoman Empire ca Decline

Ottoman Empire declines over several centuries Attempts to save by reforming Sultans over the 19 th century Major Problems: Provincial structure, unruly army (Janissaries) Economic threat from European industrialization as well as colonial interests Some Ottoman provinces resist colonization by Europeans. Egypt is critical to England’s overseas trade. Egypt is semi-autonomous, under governer Muhammad Ali (after napoleon)

Selim III Tried to initiate reforms of Ottoman military Killed in coup d’etat in1806.

Muhammad Ali Born: Macedonia, 1769 Led Albanian contingent against Napoleon: 1799 Granted title of Pasha and made governor of Egypt: 1805 Conquered Sudan: Put down insurrection in Crete: 1824 Conquered Ottoman provinces of Palestine, Syria: 1831 Treaty of London denies Ali rule over Levant but forces emperor to recognize Ali’s dynastic rule over Egypt Died: 1849

Mahmud II Born: 1785 Became Sultan: 1808 Abolished Jannisaries: 1826 Initiated Tanzimat reforms: 1839 Died: 1839

Young Turks Calls for a new Ottoman constitution 1876: radicals seize power and force Sultan Abdul Hamid II to grant constitution Hamid then suspended the constitution and ruled without parliament Committee/Society of Union and Progress formed in 1889 – Wanted restoration of constitutional rule

Asia in 1914

I Europe in 1914 at the outbreak of war

Russia at the end of the 19 th century Autocratic, antiquated military, under-industrialized. Sergei Witte urged Nicholas II to accelerate industry, refused Russo-Japanese War, navy destroyed Shocking blow; the “last war” had been the Napoleonic, which the Russians “won” against Nap. Little social reform since liberation of serfs 1861 No constitution under Nicholas II Finally forced to call the Duma in 1905, disbands shortly thereafter (aborted revolution)

Romanov Dynasty Russia enters WW I as part of the Triple Entente (England, Russia, France) against Germany, Italy and Austro-Hungary After 3 years and massive destruction, Bolshevik Revolution breaks out at home; Russia forced to withdraw. Romanov family exiled, later killed.

Bolsheviks come to power

Treaty of Brest Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gets Russia out of the war; tremendous losses to Russia. Most of western lands that were industrialized, natural resources, agricultural lands.

Western Front WW I War continues on western front for another year. Trench Warfare Technology of war Tremendous losses to all Attrition Collapse in 1918, Treaty of Versailles – Act 231 = War Guilt Clause to Germany