Farm level tree planting in Pakistan: the moderating role of past behaviour in predicting intentions University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD ZUBAIR Assistant Professor of Forestry

Rationale Low forest cover (4.8%) Mainstay of rural livelihoods/ increased reliance Excessive illicit stock removal (commercial/ govt. predicaments) Problems of erosion, land sliding etc. (Desertification) 75% of forest cover will diminish by 2025 in NWFP (PFRI)

Govt to uncover strategies, feasible solution Farm Forestry

Government launched many projects Efforts rather doubtful

Outcome Lower uptake Mixed response Low local participation Reluctance of land tree growing

Reasons for Failure Focus (biological/ technical) Wrong anticipation of local acceptance long gestation/ lack of immediate gains Little emphasis on beneficiaries acceptance

The major constraint in the cultivation of trees on state lands are well understood; less understood is what the farmers themselves believe to be the major constraints to tree cultivation on their lands (Dove, 1995)

Farm Forestry is not a simple activity to undertake

Farm Forestry Decision Making Factors for volitional control (ease/difficulty) Follow cognitive process Approval/ Disapproval of the closed ones Frequency of past practice

“Human beings are creatures of habit in that they tend to persist in doing what they have become accustomed to” ( Ajzen, 2002)

Theoretical Framework ATTITUDE SUBJECTIVE NORMS PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL INTENTIONBEHAVIOUR +/ - Evaluation Salient Referents Ease/ Difficulty Actual Control Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1988)

4 (2+2) 4 (2+2) 4 (2+2) 4 (2+2) 16/ st Stage Circle Selection 2 nd STAGE Village Selection 3 rd STAGE Farmers’ Selection 4 (2+2) 4 (2+2) 4 (2+2) 4 (2+2) 16/ st Stage Circle Selection 2 nd STAGE Village Selection 3 rd STAGE Farmers’ Selection Respondents – FF (64) & NFF (64)

Results Past Behaviour Categories FFNFFTotalChi-square test Often52%13%37%36.89 (.000) a Moderately27%22%24% Rarely17%23%20% Not et al4%41%18% Association of past behaviour and performance of farm forestry

Intention ** ns ** 2. Attitude ** ns ** 3. Subjective Normns ** 4. Perceived Behavioural Control ns 5. Past Behaviour Spearman's rho between TPB components and past behaviour

Predictor InteractionsF-valueSig. Attitude x past behaviour2.947** Subjective norm x past behaviour7.975*** PBC x past behaviour2.490* Moderating role of past behaviour to predict TPB variables- intention relationship for FF (GLM regression analysis)

Predictor InteractionsF-valueSig. Attitude x past behaviour0.608ns Subjective norm x past behaviour1.950ns PBC x past behaviour1.776ns Moderating role of past behaviour to predict TPB variables- intention relationship for NFF (GLM regression analysis)

Findings Intention to plant trees on farmlands is influenced by the constructs of TPB Past behaviour has strengthened the relationship between attitude, SN & PBC.

Conclusions Wider social role of forestry officials Cognitive and normative elements of society-a prerequisite Increased source-recipient sharing expectations Policies to be flexible and accommodate changing environments

Thanks 2 nd World Congress of Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 2009