Chapter 11 The Muslim World (622–1650)

Rise of Islam How did Muhammad become the prophet of Islam? What are the teachings of Islam? How did Islam help shape the way of life of its believers?

Muhammad Becomes the Prophet of Islam Muhammad said he heard the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God. Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam. Muhammad made a journey from Mecca to Medina, where he was welcomed by Muslim converts. This was a turning point for Islam. Muhammad returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs under Islam.

The Teachings of Islam Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief in one God. All Muslims accept five duties, known as the Five Pillars of Islam: faith daily prayer charity fasting during Ramadan hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca Muslims believe that the Quran contains the sacred word of God and is the final authority on all matters.

The 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Faith 2. Five daily prayers 3. Charity 4. Fasting during Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Haji denotes one who has made the Hajj Some authorities add a sixth pillar: Jihad or Holy War in defense of Islam. Means active opposition to evil and injustice, more than literal warfare.

Islam as a Way of Life Islam is both a religion and a way of life. The Islamic system of law, called Sharia, regulated moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community. Unlike the law codes that evolved in the West, the Sharia does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law.

Islam Spreads How did Muslims conquer many lands? What movements emerged within Islam? Why did the empire of the caliphs decline?

An Age of Conquests

How were the Muslims able to conquer so many lands? The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from years of fighting each other. People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab conquerors as liberators. The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods, which overwhelmed traditional armies. The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of tribes into a determined, unified state.

The spread of Islam Inherent appeal Jihad Conversion Incentives Trade Simplicity Equality Rights for Women High moral teachings Jihad Military skill Good government Tolerance Conversion Incentives Tax on "People of the Book” - Originally Christians and Jews, later Hindus and certain other groups as well. Forced conversion of pagans Trade Indonesia and sub- Saharan Africa

Spread of Islam: Causes and Effects 2 Spread of Islam: Causes and Effects Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the Indus Valley Centers of learning flourish in Cairo, Córdoba, and elsewhere Muslim civilization emerges Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through Muslim trade network Arabic becomes shared language of Muslims Split between Sunni and Shiites

Movements Within Islam Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam. SUNNI SHIITES SUFI Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad, should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority. Believed that only descendants of Muhammad could become caliph. Believed descendants of Muhammad to be divinely inspired. Muslim mystics who sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. Respected for their piety and miraculous powers.

Decline of the Muslim Empire Around 850, the caliphs power faded and they became unable to maintain centralized control, and the empire fragmented. In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent. The crusades had a lasting effect on the Muslim world although it had a greater impact on W. Europe In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders dominated the Middle East.

Muslim Society Muslim rulers united people from diverse cultures. As a result, Muslim civilization absorbed and blended many traditions. The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs faded over time. People enjoyed a certain degree of social mobility, the ability to move up in social class. Slavery was a common institution.

The Muslim Economy Between 750 and 1360, merchants built a vast trading network across the Muslim world and beyond. New business practices were established, such as partnerships, credit, banks, and bank checks. Handicraft manufacturing in cities was organized by guilds. Outside the cities, agriculture flourished.

Influences on Art and Literature Islamic religion Quran forbid artist to portray God or human figures in art. Skills and styles of Greeks, Romans, Persians, Indians, and other peoples with whom they came in contact Traditions of the many people living under Muslim rule MUSLIM ART AND LITERATURE

Muslim Advances in Learning PHILOSOPHY MATHEMATICS ASTRONOMY MEDICINE Scholars tried to harmonize Greek ideas of reason with religious teachings of Islam. Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of history. Scholars studied Indian and Greek mathematics. Al-Khwarizmi pioneered the study of algebra and wrote mathematics textbook that became standard in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi developed astronomical tables. Astronomers calculated circumference of the Earth. Government set up hospitals with emergency rooms. Muhammad al-Razi studied measles and smallpox. Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts.