THE RISE OF ISLAM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe Arabia before Islam Explain how Muhammad unified Arabia under Islam Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam Explain the events that halted Islamic expansion into Europe Discuss the 5 Pillars of Islam Identify Islamic beliefs and practices

Pre-Muhammad Arabia Dominated by Nomads called Bedouins Worshiped hundreds of spirits called Jinns The spirit of the Jinn resides within rocks and objects Mecca was the holy city and was the home of the Kaaba and other idols Kaaba is the black moon stone that has the spirit of Allah Believed in pagan gods and shrines

Rise and Spread of Islam Muhammad: the prophet for Allah Gabriel tells him God’s word Tries to convert Meccans, his wife Khadijah Hijrah: (622 A.D.) Runs to Medina Flight to avoid persecution Muslim calendar

Rise and Spread of Islam In Medina- attracted many followers 630 A.D- Return to Mecca Defeats the Meccans Destroyed the idols of all pagan gods Establishes a theocracy- rule by divine authority and according to religious beliefs and laws Origin of the Ummah (Islamic state)

Islam Expands Abu-Bakr replaces Muhammad Named Caliph –successor Head of govt. and religion Ordered writing of Quran – only in Arabic Begins Jihad (holy war) -to expand Islam The Orthodox Caliphate (632-661) 4 leaders directly after Muhammad Conquer all of Arabic Peninsula, Egypt, Palestine, Libya, and most of Mesopotamia

Islam Invades Europe The Umayyad Caliph (661-750) conquered North Africa, parts of India, and Spain Finally stopped at Battle of Tours-Poitiers in 732 Overthrown by the Abbasids

Reasons for Expansion: Passionate for their new faith: Jihad Expansion of the Ummah- Muslim state Severe overpopulation in Arabia Resistance was weak

Results of Conquest No forced conversion Arabs were tolerant rulers 4 class system Arab Muslims Non-Arab Muslims Christians, Jews, non-Muslims -- ‘people of the book’ Non-Muslim slaves

Brain Break Think/Pair/Share Non Muslims living in Muslim controlled areas were required to pay an annual tax for not being Muslim. Why did the government require this?

Cordoba, Spain

Society and Scholarship Women are submissive to men Still more rights that European women Medicine Diagnose and treat smallpox and measles Calligraphy Astronomy and the astrolabe Scholars – Invented Algebra, zero concept Literature – Thousand and One Nights Philosophy and Ibn Rushd

Allah in calligraphy

Abbasid Dynasty Centered in Baghdad More political, intellectual, and social freedoms Won control of former Roman trade routes and prospered Over-expansion and corruption plagues empire Political division Morocco, Spain, Egypt all break away Fatimid's of Egypt became the dominate group

The Turks Overrun the Byzantine Empire Breakup of the Islamic Empire 945- Sultan takes political power Muslims can keep religious beliefs Seljuk Turks- captured Baghdad in 1055 Threatened the Byzantines THE CRUSADES! Ottoman Turks Captured Constantinople, April 1453 Byzantine Empire Falls

Islamic Belief Based on 4 sources: Qur’an- The holy book of Islam- Allah’s words passed to Muhammad Hadiths- Accounts of Mohammed’s life and teachings Sunna- Muhammad’s life was example for Muslim behavior Tradition/Interpretation- Muslim clerics (religious scholars) apply to real world questions/actions. These interpretations become part of Muslim faith, practice, and life

Basic Rules of Islam 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Faith- must make a testament of faith 2. Prayer- must pray 5 times a day – 3. Alms- give to the poor 4. Fasting- fast during the holy month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage- must visit Mecca - hajj No wine or pork Worship: mosques Basic Rules of Islam

What makes Islam so appealing? Easy to learn and practice. No priesthood. Teaches equality. Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes. Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

Muslims: 2 major divisions of Islam!!!! Sunni vs. Shi’a THE DIVISION OF ISLAM!!! Muslims: 2 major divisions of Islam!!!! Sunni vs. Shi’a Sunnis Majority of Muslim population Shi’a Iran, Iraq, Lebanon Disagreement primarily over leadership of the Muslim faith

Minaret at the great mosque of Samarra

Countries with the Largest Muslim Population 1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000 2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000 3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000 4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000 5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000 * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

Islam today

Review 1. What was the Hijrah? 2. What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? 3. Where and in what year was the Muslim Expansion stopped? 4. What are the two major divisions of Islam? 5. List three reasons Islam is so appealing?