141 CULTURAL DIVERSITY See also “Humor-Anthropology” by Don L. F. Nilsen

142 THE COLOR PURPLE MODEL G. L. Robinson’s “Color Purple” model is based on a very powerful metaphor. The model uses color symbolism to state that there are three lenses a language learner can use in viewing a new culture. It can be viewed through the eyes of the native culture (the blue lens), or through the eyes of the target culture (the red lens), or through bilingual eyes that compare, contrast, and blend the two cultures (the purple lens).

143 Only the purple lens (which is based on both the red and the blue lens) provides the complete picture, and only the purple lens is a dynamic and variable model that can accommodate differences of gender, ethnicity, immigration, and multiculturalism. (Robinson 117)

144 SOME HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS Discuss the history of religion in America. Discuss American imigration and porous borders to the North and to the South. Discuss color symbolism as it relates to ethnicity and gender. What is the significance of black, white, purple, blue, blonde, yellow, red, etc.

145 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION For each of the following marginalized groups, discuss the development of rights, and discuss the affect of affirmative action on the development of these rights. –Women –Gays –Blacks –Hispanics –Native Americans –Asians

146 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACE Positive face is for social bonding. Negative face is for autonomy and power. Explain how face is used differently by the following groups: Women Gays Blacks Hispanics Native Americans Asians

147 ENGLISH ONLY VS. CULTURAL DIVERSITY What are the advantages of the English-only movement? What are the advantages of cultural diversity? Is there a middle ground?

148 CONTRAST CHINESE AND ENGLISH Contrast Chinese “I” and English “I” “Chinese can’t hear Americans at all; the language is too soft and western music unhearable. I’ve watched a Chinese audience laugh, visit, talk- story, and holler during a piano recital” (Clark, 17)

149 BILINGUAL ISSUES Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your native language or dialect in terms of mountains and trails, and streams. Should America be considered a “melting pot,” or an salad in terms of bilingualism?

1410 !SHAKESPEARE IN THE BUSH “Sometime,” concluded the old man, gathering his ragged toga about him, “you must tell us some more stories of your country. We, who are elders, will instruct you in their true meaning, so that when you return to your own land your elders will see that you have not been sitting in the bush, but among those who know things and who have taught you wisdom.” (Clark, 35)

1411 !!BASIL BERNSTEIN Basil Bernstein distinguished between a “restricted code” and an elaborated code.” Explain.

1412 !!!BENJAMIN WHORF & HENRY LOUIS GATES CONTRAST: “Linguistic Determinism,” or Linguistic Relativity.” Discuss Henry Louis Gates’ The Signifying Monkey. What is “signifying,” and how does it advantage marginalized groups? What is “Prototype Theory?” What is “marking” and how does it advantage eccentric characters in sit coms, etc.?

1413 Web Sites: Margaret Cho Talks about Race: History of Religion: George Lopez Talks about Fast Food: Carlos Mencia:

14 Stuff White People Like: Yiddish with Dick and Jane:

1415 RELATED PowerPoint Humor in Anthropology/Ethnic Humor

1416 References: Boskin, Joseph, and Joseph Dorinson. “Ethnic Humor: Subversion and Survival.” American Quarterly 37.1 (1985): Caldas, Stephen and Suzanne Caron-Caldas’ “Rearing Bilingual Children in a Monolingual Culture: A Louisiana Experience” (Clark [1998]: ). Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, Bohannan, Laura. “Shakespeare in the Bush” (Clark [1998]: 27-40). Cunha, Edite. “Talking in the New Land” (Clark [1998]: 3-12). Davies, Christie. The Mirth of Nations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002.

1417 Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, 10 th Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, 10 th Edition. New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martins, Doloff, Steven. “Racism and the Risks of Ethnic Humor” (Eschholz [2005]: ). Erdem, Ebru. “Culture Learning and Teaching in the ESL College Writing Classroom: A Model for Second Culture Acquisition.” Portfolio Paper. Tempe, AZ: ASU, April 10, Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark. “Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes.” Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, Ninth Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005,

1418 Farnlof, Allie. “English Language Graffiti and Verbal Humor in Modern Day Romanian and Moldovan Society.” Tempe, AZ: LIN 515 Paper, April 11, Hadjistassou, Stella. “Cultural Diversity.” Tempe, AZ: PowerPoint Presentation, April 7, Hale, Constance. “How Do You Say Computer in Hawaiian?” (Clark [1998]: ). Jones, Rachel. “Not White, Just Right” (Clark [1998]: ). Kingston, Maxine Hong. “Finding a Voice” (Clark [1998]: 13-18). Leveen, Lois. “Only When I Laugh: Textual Dynamics of Ethnic Humor.” MELUS 21.4 (1996):

1419 Lord, Nancy “Native Tongues” (Clark [1998]: 19-26). Lowe, John. “Theories of Ethnic Humor: How to Enter Laughing.” American Quarterly 38.3 (1986): Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics: Second Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20 th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, Popa, Diana-Elena. “Jokes in Translation.” Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 13 (2005): Raskin, Victor. The Primer of Humor Research. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.

1420 Robinson, G. L. “Second Culture Acquisition.” in Linguistics and Language Pedagogy: The State of the Art. Ed. James E. Alatis. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1991, Rodriguez, Richard. “Bilingual Education: Outdated and Unrealistic” (Clark [1998]: ). Schiffrin, Deborah. Approaches to Discourse. Malden, MA: Blackwell, Whittemore, Katharine. “Saving California Languages” (Clark [1998]: ). Ziv, Avner, ed. National Styles of Humor. New York, NY Greenwood Press, 1988.