Kongwa/Kiteto Ganga Rao, NVRP, Kimaro, A,, Makumbi., D, Mponda, O., Msangi, R., Rubanza, C.D. Seetha, A., Swai, E. and Okori, P

Project Research Hypothesis 1.Introduction of early and intermediate maturing drought tolerant varieties of cereals and grain legumes in semi-arid areas of Tanzania will improve productivity and ultimately enhance household food security, nutrition and incomes. 2.Adoption of integrated soil fertility management technologies will improve and sustain crop and livestock productivity. 3.Adoption of soil and moisture conservation technologies in drought prone areas of Tanzania will reduce crop failure and improve overall productivity of farmlands. 1.Integrated approaches to sustainable intensification provide better options to strengthen livelihoods strategies of farmers in semi-arid areas of Tanzania than the currently used non- cohesive farming practices.

Africa RISING Hypothesis 1.Integration hypothesis: Innovations with components that mutually reinforce whole farm performance/productivity produce greater and more sustained benefits than the joint adoption of equally effective single purpose technologies and practices. 1.Innovation sequencing and sustainable intensification pathways hypothesis: The adoption of innovations that lead to SI is affected by the sequence in which the component technologies, practices and knowledge are integrated and applied. 2.Scalability hypothesis: A research approach based on targeting and evaluating SI-related innovations, in context, increases the relevance of findings from action research sites and enhances their scalability to similar strata elsewhere (i.e. to similar development domains and households typologies in other locations).

Crops (1, 4, 5) Food, cash, fodder, grazing Seed, yield, nutrients, product composition, pests & diseases, tillage, post-harvest, water, costs, prices, labor Animals (5) Livestock, poultry Productivity, feeding, product composition, pests & diseases, fertility, processing, manure, costs, prices, labor Livelihood (farm) Production, nutrition (4.3+), income, gender Nutrient flows, labor, income Landscape (2, 3) Biophysical, ownership, erosion, water, grazing Socio-institutional Adoption, capacities, gender Community, networks, power Markets, policies Overview:

Methodologies Hypothesis 1General Hypothesis 1.New varieties- food security, nutrition, safety and incomes. Action research will underpin FPVS, Local seed system, Extension= FtF, community training- DA’s NAFAKA. Nutrient, security and safety: awareness, community training- DA’s Tuboreshe Chakula. 2. ISFM Biophysical evaluation (land and grazing systems) + On farm trials + action research: Assessment, evaluations- application rates, crop livestock (fodder, fertilizer trees) integration. 3. Soils and water Action research= Establishment, on farm evaluations/ validation. 4. Integrated approaches to sustainable intensification Action research to underpin most activities Pre-season community evaluation. Co-location of experiments and activities. Socio- econ studies of underpins of technology adoption.

Methodologies Hypothesis 1WPPartners 1.New varieties- food security, nutrition, safety and incomes. On-farm evaluation of improved legumes, cereals ICRISAT, CIMMYT, ARI-s DCs+ Babati Team 2. ISFM Integrated soil fertility management ICRAF, ARIs, DCs, UDOM.. WUR+ Babati Team 3. Soils and water Land and water management ARI- Hombolo, ICRAF, PRC, UDOM, WUR 4. Integrated and sustainable intensification Socio- Institution analysis All + WUR Cross cutting R4D mechanisms Graduate students Harness local capacity Counter factual site/preseason baseline

Deliverables 1. Technologies: At least new two adapted varieties of cereals and legumes identified and validated for up-scaling purposes Crop/SFM – application rates, crop combinations, local/ compatible fodder and fertilizer trees ID. Technologies for improved soil water harvesting (Insitu). Context specfic livestock, poultry feeds (small ruminants, chicken etc).

Deliverables 2. Processes: Insights into innovation adoption decisions- socio economic- both cost and livelihood approach Test effectiveness of extension/ knowledge transfer approaches. Capacities of communities improved for QDS production of legumes

Deliverables 3. R&D Inputs/ Capacity: Prevalence of mycotoxin challenge: Pathodiversity, exposure-Biomarker. Capacities of communities to produce QDS ARI’s and DC’s (assorted research capacity Infrastructure development: ELISA- capability Grazing systems characterized