McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 8: The Nervous System

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-2 Learning Outcomes Identify parts of the nervous system and its function Recall related major word parts Identify related diagnoses, test, and clinical procedures Define related pathologies of the nervous system Explain related surgical terms Recognize pharmacological agents used in treating related disorders

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-3 Structure/Function Directs all human body systems Voluntary/Involuntary More than 100 billion nerve cells Two subsystems: Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-4 Nerve Cell

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-5 Nervous System

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-6 Building Vocabulary cerebell(o) cerebellum cerebr(o), cerebri cerebrum crani(o) cranium encephal(o) brain gangli(o) ganglion

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-7 Building Vocabulary gli(o) neuroglia mening(o), meningi(o) meninges myel(o) bone marrow, spinal cord neur(o), neuri nerve

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-8 Building Vocabulary spin(o)spine thalam(o) thalamus vag(o)vagus nerve ventricul(o)ventricle

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8-9 Central Nervous System CNS consists - brain and spinal cord Brain has different areas with distinct functions Receives, Processes, Responds

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Brain

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Centers of Control

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Spinal Cord/Meninges Occipital bone to space between 1st and 2nd lumbar verterbrae Conducts sensory impulses to brain Conducts motor impulses from brain Coordinate certain reflexes

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Meninges Meninges cover the brain and spinal cord

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Structure/Spinal Cord

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Structure/Spinal Cord

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Peripheral Nervous System PNS includes: network of nerves that branch off brain and spinal cord Cranial/Spinal nerves Two subsystems: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Spinal Cord Regions/Nerves

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Somatic Nervous System

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Autonomic Nervous System

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Cranial Nerves 1-3 Function I olfactory - sensory sense of smell II optic - sensory sense of vision III oculomotor - motor movement of eyes

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Cranial Nerves 4-6 Function IV trochlear - motor muscles that move the eyes V trigeminal - sensory/motor eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, teeth, mouth VI abducens - motor muscle conditioning

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Cranial Nerves 7-9 Function VII facial - sensory/motor taste, facial expressions, tear and salivary glands VIII vestibulocochlear - sensory equilibrium and hearing IX glossopharyngeal - sensory/motor pharynx, tonsils, tongue, carotid arteries, salivary glands

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Cranial Nerves Function X vagus - sensory/motor speech, swallowing, heart muscles, smooth muscles, and certain glands XI accessory - motor soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck, and back XII hypoglossal - motor tongue

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Spinal Nerve Division/Function Cervical - neck = muscles of the back of the head, neck, diaphragm Brachial - lower neck, axilla = muscles and skin of the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands Lumbar - posterior abdominal wall = abdominal skin and muscles Sacral - posterior pelvic wall = muscles of the buttocks, thighs, feet, legs, and voluntary sphincters Coccygeal - coccyx and surrounding area = skin in coccyx region

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Diagnostic, Procedural, Lab Tests Assist physicians in diagnosing related medical conditions Tests leads to final diagnosis Assist in treatment planning electroencephalogram (EEG) evoked potentials nerve conduction velocity polysomnography (PSG)

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pathological Terms Trauma/Congenital disorders can affect the nervous system Level of severity = affects for life concussion coma brain contusion spina bifida meningocele meningomyelocele Tay-Sachs disease hydrocephalus

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Degenerative Diseases Serious or Life-threatening Genetic, Aging process, Lifestyle choices No Cure - Treat symptoms Decrease pain/keep mobile

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved dementia Alzheimer’s disease amnesia apraxia agnosia Degenerative Diseases (cont.) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Lou Gehrig’s disease Huntington’s chorea multiple sclerosis (MS)

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Degenerative Diseases (cont.) demyelination gait paresthesia myasthenia gravis Parkinson’s disease dopamine

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Non-degenerative Disorders Severe neurological disorders cause paralysis, convulsions, and other symptoms, but are not necessarily degenerative or congenital. palsy cerebral palsy Bell’s palsy ataxia Tourette syndrometics epilepsy aura absence seizures petit mal seizures tonic-clonic seizures grand mal seizures

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Infections/Inflammations Infections and inflammations of the nervous system can be very serious, even deadly Symptoms = pain/skin conditions shingles meningitis pyrogenic meningitis myelitis encephalitis cerebellitis bacterial meningitis viral meningitis Neuritis gangliitis radiculitis sciatica

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Abnormal Growths One-third of all brain tumors have metastasized from other parts Benign/Malignant Cause Pressure/Distortion = Neurological symptoms

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Vascular Disorders Can cause significant changes in the person's lifestyle Depending on severity can be deadly cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke cerebral infarction thrombus occlusion thrombotic stroke transient ischemic attacks (TIA) embolic stroke

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Vascular Disorders (cont.) embolus hemorrhagic stroke aneurysm dysphasia aphasia fainting, syncope somnolence narcolepsy

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Surgical Terms Surgery is performed to treat related diseases and disorders Surgery high risk due to the potential for permanent injury

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Surgical Terms (cont.) neurosurgeons lobectomy lobotomy craniectomy craniotomy trephination stereotaxy stereotactic surgery neuroplasty neurectomy neurotomy neurorrhaphy vagotomy

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pharmacological Terms Medications may be used to treat neurological disorders and diseases Many neurological medications may treat more than one neurological disorder analgesics anticonvulsants narcotics sedatives hypnotics anesthetics

McGraw-Hill © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter Review Identify parts of the nervous system and its function Recall related major word parts Identify related diagnoses, test, and clinical procedures Define related pathologies of the nervous system Explain related surgical terms Recognize pharmacological agents used in treating related disorders