John Brown’s Raid: • In 1859, John Brown and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. What is an arsenal? John Brown in August, 1859.

Engine house at Harpers Ferry; aka John Brown’s Fort

Inside the engine house at Harper’s Ferry

Interior view of the engine house at Harpers Ferry during the siege.

• Brown was caught and sentenced to death by hanging. Brown as a wounded prisoner after his capture.

Brown being carried from court to prison.

Last Moments of John Brown (painting by Thomas Hovenden) Do you think the artist was from the North or the South? Why?

John Brown painting at Harper's Ferry

"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done."  --John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859

The hanging of John Brown.

"[John Brown is] that new saint, than whom none purer or more brave was ever led by love of men into conflict and death,--the new saint awaiting his martyrdom, and who, if he shall suffer, will make the gallows glorious like the cross." --Ralph Waldo Emerson, from his lecture "Courage," delivered in Boston on Nov. 8, 1859

HERO or VILLAIN

“A house divided against itself cannot stand “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Emergence of Abraham Lincoln Republican Party – (new party) political party formed united under the belief that “no man can own another man...that slavery must be prohibited in the territories…that all new states must be free states…that the rights of our colored citizens…must be protected.”

Lincoln- Douglas Debates: 1858 Lincoln – the challenger decries “Southern plot” to extend slavery promises to work for slavery’s extinction casts slavery as a moral problem, not just political Douglas – the incumbent (already a senator) accuses Lincoln of favoring equality Lincoln loses election, gains national reputation “THE FIGHT MUST GO ON.”

Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) (Constitutional Union) Election of 1860: Main Candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) John Bell (Constitutional Union) * Lincoln won the election.

Election Results Lincoln wins with just 40% of the votes 10 southern states did not put his name on the ballot The South realizes that they have no power left in the government and that ending slavery would be a goal of the new president. Possibility of secession. A Senate committee was formed to work out a compromise and save the Union

Lincoln’s View on Slavery December 20, 1860 Interview with Lincoln Promised not to interfere with slavery in the South. He would support the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law. Under no circumstance would he allow slavery to spread into the new territories.

Original Confederate flag Eventual Confederate flag Secession: • In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union, (the same day as his interview) forming the Confederate States of America (or the Confederacy). Original Confederate flag Eventual Confederate flag

• Jefferson Davis was named the President of the Confederacy.

Lincoln’s Inaugural Address “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not mine, are eth momentous issues of civil war. The Government will not assail (attack) you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors…We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.”

* The Civil War had now begun! Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter, South Carolina, was important because it guarded Charleston harbor. The US (Union Army) still had troops in this fort. •Why do you think the Confederacy attacked the fort? * The Civil War had now begun!

Pvt. Edmund Ruffin, Confederate soldier who fired the first shot against Fort Sumter Maj. Robert Anderson, defender of Fort Sumter

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor April 12 and 13, 1861

Fort Sumter, S.C., April 14, 1861, under the Confederate flag.

Reaction to Fort Sumter Lincoln’s Response -75,000 Volunteers and a blockade of all Southern ports Both sides prepare for war

Civil War: Union v. Confederacy