The morphology and kinematics of planetary nebulae: a tribute to Hugo Schwarz Romano L.M. Corradi Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes

My story with Hugo, and our story with PNe, started on 1991 at ESO Chile… 1.Catalogue of CCD narrowband images of PNe and morphological classification 2.Studies of the kinematic properties of bipolar PNe 3.Search and study of nebulae around symbiotic stars

1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe… The first extensive CCD surveys had appeared: Jewitt et al 1986 ApJ 302, PNe (“haloes”) Chu et al ApJS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells) Balick 1987 AJ 94, PNe and a morphological sequence (round  elliptical  butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar Winds theory Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, PNe

1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe… The first extensive CCD morphological studies had appeared: Jewitt et al 1986 ApJ 302, PNe (haloes) Chu et al ApJS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells) Balick 1987 AJ 94, PNe and a morphological sequence (round  elliptical  butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar Winds theory

1) … its morphological classification… Schwarz, Corradi & Stanghellini 1992 IAU Symp. 155, p. 214

1).. and the study of the statistical properties of the morphological classes of PNe Stanghellini, Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 276, 463 Schwarz & Corradi 1995 APN1 Corradi & Schwarz 1995 A&A 293, 871 Bipolar PNe belong to a younger Galactic stellar population than elliptical and round PNe, i.e. have more massive progenitors: smaller scale height on the Galactic plane; more ordered Galactic kinematics; hotter central stars; He and N overabundances; … Corradi APN2 discusses why the characteristic above is not necessarily a decisive constraint for the physical mechanisms shaping collimated PNe

NGC ) Studies of the kinematics of bipolar PNe Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37 Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 268, 714; … 269, 462; … 273, 247; …278, 247 Aspin et al A&A 278, 255 Schwarz et al A&A 319, 267 Streamlines are radial and gas is expanding in a ballistic way: self-similar expansion in a Hubble-like flow (V ∝ r). Shaping occurs in the early evolution, and an asymptotic shape (self-similar regime) is quickly reached Corradi APN3 Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37 Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 268, 714; … 269, 462; … 273, 247; …278, 247 Aspin et al A&A 278, 255 Schwarz et al A&A 319, 267

2) Point-symmetry  Precession? Schwarz 1993, in 2 nd ESO/CTIO Workshop on “Mass loss on the AGB and beyond”, La Serena, Chile, Jan Edited by H.E. Schwarz, ESO 1993

2) A special case and a beauty: M 2-9 Today’s Astronomy Picture of the Day!

Nature and expansion parallax of its dusty outermost knots V N = V exp + V exp sin i V S = V exp - V exp sin i 2) … the dusty dentist’s mirrors of M 2-9… Schwarz et al A&A 319, 267

2) … and its “light house” Monitoring since the end of the 80’s, mainly at ESO first and then at the Nordic Optical Telescope when Hugo moved to La Palma on 1995

2) … and its “light house” N1 N2 S2 S1 For the same longitude, the “illuminating” beam excites N2 and S2 about 2 yr later than N1 and S1, which corresponds to a travelling speed of ~5000 km/s  particle beam=jet? Doyle et al AJ 119, 339 Corradi et al. in preparation P rot = yr

3) Symbiotic stars can do it R Aqr nebula known since 1921 (Lampland 1923 PAAS 4, 319), but the concept that a large fraction of symbiotic Miras have (collimated) nebulae very similar to PNe, which illustrate the potential importance of binary interactions for the shaping of PNe, started growing from the moment that Hugo discovered the Southern Crab and other symbiotic nebulae. Corradi et al ApJ Schwarz Aspin & Lutz 1989 ApJ 344 L29

Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L37 Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 715, 725 BI Cru V417 Cen van Winckel et al A&A 285, 241 HM Sge Corradi et al A&A 348, 978 AS 201 Schwarz 1991 A&A 243, 469 V1016 CygCH Cyg