Chemiluminescence, Bioluminescence, and the Luciferin-Luciferase ATP Detection Assay Ashley Long February 22, 2011 Bioanalytical Chemistry – Spring 2011

Overview Background on Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence General overview of uses of Bioluminescence in High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Introduction to the Luciferin-Luciferase ATP detection assay and its importance in HTS

The firefly Image from:

What is chemiluminescence? Occurs when an EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL reaction releases energy to generate electromagnetic radiation which gives off light 1,2 Types 1 : – Reactions with synthetic compounds (i.e. H 2 O 2 ) – Bioluminescent reactions – from a living organism – Electrochemiluminescent reactions – use electric current

More on Chemiluminescence FluorescenceChemiluminescence See energy gain through chemical reaction Lower signal (intensity), but little to NO background = beter S/N Light must be absorbed by fluorophore to reach excited state Brighter, but MORE background (Figure 1) Citation 2

What is bioluminescence? A type of chemiluminescence that occurs in living organisms Enzyme catalyzed reactions – Enzymes: luciferases Firefly luciferase Renilla luciferase (sea pansy) Aequorin (jellyfish- Aequorea victoria) – Substrates (photon-emitting): luciferins Citation 2; Image taken fromhttp:// &g=19&m=264:

Firefly Bioluminescence Light Intensity ~ Chemical Concentration – [Chemical] of interest can be ATP, luciferin, or luciferase (hold all others constant) – Very large linear range Most common luciferase used in the development of High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays Citation 2

Firefly Luciferase Catalyzed Rxn (Figure 2) Citation 2 Yellow-green light λ max = 560 nm

How do you detect the signal? The GloMax® 20/20 Luminometer is designed to provide ultra- high performance for bioluminescent and chemiluminescent assays. In addition to high performance, the GloMax® 20/20 blends user-friendly operation and a small footprint with flexible purchasing options. The result of this design is an instrument with superior performance that is easy to use, affordable, and can be customized to your lab’s needs. 3 The GloMax®-96 Microplate Luminometer is a state-of-the-art microplate luminometer that meets the requirement for high sensitivity and broad dynamic range that is necessary for chemiluminescent and bioluminescent applications. With optional Single or Dual Auto Injectors, the GloMax®-96 is a versatile luminescence system capable of performing both flash and glow-type luminescent assays. 3 Citation 3

How can this reaction be used in HTS? (Figure 3) Citation 2

HTS: Luciferase Concentration Goal: investigate intracellular events by monitoring gene transcription May include internal control (dual-luciferase assay) Simple and efficient (HTS) Commonly used for GPCR and nuclear receptor assays (Figure 3) Citation 2

HTS: Luciferin Concentration Luciferin is not naturally linked to physiology (vs. ATP) Use a Pro-luciferin – Enzyme of interest must convert this to luciferin  link luminescent signal to enzyme of interest (Figure 3) Citation 2

HTS: ATP Concentration Enzyme must be consistent!  Often use “stabilized” luciferase enzymes for HTS Used in: – Cytotoxicity screens  ATP concentrations ~ cell viability – Kinase activity screens  all kinases consume ATP in phosphorylation rxn – Real-time detection of ATPase activity 4 – ~ 100X more sensitive and significantly faster than some dye assays used to look at cell metabolism (Figure 3) Citation 2

Examples of HTS assays Luciferase Enzymatic Activity monitoring assays 2 – Sensitive & broad detection range Protein- Protein interaction assays 5,6 – BRET – Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer – PCA – Protein fragment complementation assay Real-time bioluminescence to analyze inhibitors of polymerases (DNA & RNA) 7 (Figure 2) Citation 6

Examples of HTS assays BL/CL recombinant whole-cell biosensors – Genetically engineered cells – Create a luminescent signal ~ to a specific analyte (analyte should be regulating gene expression) – Used for monitoring: Stress, oxidants, metals, xenobiotics, receptor activating molecules, etc. (Figure 5), Citation 6

ATP Assay Kit - Demonstration ATP Determination Kit – Molecular Probes (Invitrogen ) – Bioluminescence assay – Quantitative determination of ATP concentrations – Components: Recombinant firefly luciferase (enzyme) D-luciferin (substrate) Luciferin + ATP + O 2  oxyluciferin + AMP + pyrophosphate + CO 2 + light (Mg 2+ ) (luciferase) Citation 8

ATP Assay – Standards

ATP Determination Kit Advantages: – Very sensitive – Detect down to ~ 0.1 picomoles of ATP (must create a standard curve within the desired range) – Readily available & affordable Uses: – Versatile (can be used to look at ATP production in different enzymatic reactions) – NADPH, ATPase – Detect contamination in a range of samples (milk, blood, sludge, etc.) – Many others! Citation 8

We can detect ATP. So what? ATP is required for cellular metabolism 9 “… each human being recycles the equivalent of his/her own mass of ATP every day.” 9 Extracellular ATP concentrations are critical in biological receptor response 10 Image from:

Areas of interest for ATP quantitation The Mitochondria – the “powerhouse” of the cell – Complex system – ATP is produced and sent to the cell Implications in cardiomyopathies Mitochondrial ADP/ATP Carrier (Figure 1) Citation 9

Rapid Hygiene Tester (Biothema) Detect ATP (quickly) down to very low detection – i.e. ATP in one animal cell (~ 1 pg) Also developed to test AMP as well (bi-product of ATP breakdown) Important in the food production industry, labs, hospitals, etc. Citation 11

Conclusions Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence are common, extremely versatile, and useful analytical tools HTS methods are becoming increasingly more dependent upon this “background-free” technique The ATP Detection Assay could have huge implications in pharmacology as it evolves for different types of detection

Works Cited 1."Chemiluminescence." Lumigen, INC - A Beckman Coulter Company. Web. 07 Feb Fan, Frank, and Keith V. Wood. "Technology Review: Bioluminescent Assays for High-Throughput Screening." ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies 5.1 (2006): Fan, Frank and Wood V. Keith. ASSAY and Drug Development Technolgoies. V5, N "Luminometer Comparison Chart of Microplate/Multiwell and Single Tube Luminometers from Promega." Promega Luminometers, Fluorometers, and Multimode Readers. Web. 07 Feb ATP-ELISA.php?gclid=CIel3d-r9qYCFYbb4Aodw3MjFg. ATP-ELISA.php?gclid=CIel3d-r9qYCFYbb4Aodw3MjFg 4.Karamohamed, Samer, and Guido Guidotti. "Bioluminometric Method for Real-Time Detection of ATPase Activity." BioTechniques 31 (2001): Hoshino, Hideto. "Current Advanced Bioluminescence Technology in Drug Discover." Expert Opinion in Drug Discovery 4.4 (2009): Roda, Aldo, Patrizia Pasini, Mara Mirasoli, Elisa Michelini, and Massimo Guardigli. "Biotechnological Applications of Bioluminescence Adn Chemiluminescence." TRENDS in Biotechnology 22.6 (2004): Gregory, Kalvin J., Ye Sun, Nelson G. Chen, and Valeri Golovlev. "Real-time Bioluminescent Assay for Inhibitors of RNA and DNA Polymerases and Other ATP-dependent Enzymes." Analytical Biochemistry 408 (2011): "ATP Determination Kit (A22066)." Product Information: Molecular Probe: Invitrogen detection technologies. Revised 29-Nov Dahout-Gonzalez, C., H. Nury, V. Trezequet, J. M. Lauquin, E. Pebay-Peyroula, and G. Brandolin. "Molecular, Functional, and Pathological Aspects of the Mitochondrial ADP/ATP Carrier." PHYSIOLOGY 21 (2006): Seminario-Vidal, Lucia, Eduardo R. Lazarowski, and Seiko F. Okada. "Assessment of Extracellular ATP." Bioluminescence, Methods in Molecular Biology 574 (2009): "Can You Say It's Clean with Confidence?" BioThema - Luminescence Analysis, We Sell Our Kits and Reagents Worldwide. Web. 14 Feb

Works Cited – Other Helpful Websites – Great website which clarifies VERY well the differences in luminescence – Great website to visit if you want a better understanding of the chemistry

Example of QC in GPCR assay Dual-Luciferase assay – Helps to account for interferences (i.e. from cytotoxic compounds) which could effect results (false -/+’s) – Plasmid 1 – firefly luciferase gene, marker, and response element of interest – Plasmid 2 – GPCR of interest and Renilla luciferase marker fusion protein (Figure 4) Citation 2

Example of Luciferin Detection (comparing fluorescence and bioluminescence) (Figure 7) Citation 2

Example of an Actual ATP Standard Curve using an ATP Detection Kit