VIRUSES AND HIV

VIRAL VOCABULARY Bacteriophage Bacteriophage Pathogen Pathogen Lytic cycle Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Lysogenic cycle Prion Prion Viroid Viroid Vaccination Immunity Vaccination Immunity Read ( ) Vaccinations(939) STDs ( )

I. ANATOMY DRAW AND LABEL /DNA spikes * Must attach to a specific receptor site

DRAW AND LABEL

Viral Anatomy DNA or RNA Contractile Sheath

Influenza Virus Strains

Adenovirus A group of viruses that infect the membranes (tissue linings) of the respiratory tract, the eyes, the intestines, and the urinary tract, adenoviruses account for about 10% of acute respiratory infections in children and are a frequent cause of diarrhea. A group of viruses that infect the membranes (tissue linings) of the respiratory tract, the eyes, the intestines, and the urinary tract, adenoviruses account for about 10% of acute respiratory infections in children and are a frequent cause of diarrhea.

II. ARE THEY ALIVE??? Obligate Intracellular Parasites – must get inside a host to function Obligate Intracellular Parasites – must get inside a host to function Non-cellular – no cytoplasm, no membrane Non-cellular – no cytoplasm, no membrane No digestion, respiration, movement No digestion, respiration, movement REPRODUCTION!!!!!!! – they are good at it! REPRODUCTION!!!!!!! – they are good at it! –Not by mitosis or meiosis –Only when associated with another cell GENETIC MATERIAL – DNA or RNA GENETIC MATERIAL – DNA or RNA

III. HOW DO THEY WORK? See lab on Viral Replication See lab on Viral Replication DNA vs. RNA VIRUS DNA vs. RNA VIRUS DNA (after invasion) DNA (after invasion) 1. Joins host DNA and produces viral RNA and viral proteins or 2. Remains free and produces viral RNA and viral proteins

HOW DO THEY WORK (cont.) RNA – Retrovirus RNA – Retrovirus Usual flow of information – DNA>RNA>Protein Usual flow of information – DNA>RNA>Protein Retroviruses – RNA>DNA>into our cells DNA – uses reverse transcriptase (RT) Retroviruses – RNA>DNA>into our cells DNA – uses reverse transcriptase (RT) Join ribosomes in cytoplasm and produce viral proteins Join ribosomes in cytoplasm and produce viral proteinsOR With the help of RT, RNA makes DNA, which gets into the host cell’s DNA – new RNA is produced and acts as above With the help of RT, RNA makes DNA, which gets into the host cell’s DNA – new RNA is produced and acts as above

HIV– MODERN DAY PIRATE HIV – HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS HIV – HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AIDS – ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS – ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME 3 AREAS SERIOUSLY AFFECTED – ASIA, S. AMERICA, AFRICA 3 AREAS SERIOUSLY AFFECTED – ASIA, S. AMERICA, AFRICA DRAW AN LABEL VIRUS DRAW AN LABEL VIRUS METHODS OF TRANSMISSION – BLOOD, SEMEN, VAGINAL/CERVIAL SECRETIONS, BREAST MILK, PUS METHODS OF TRANSMISSION – BLOOD, SEMEN, VAGINAL/CERVIAL SECRETIONS, BREAST MILK, PUS TARGET CELL OF HIV – CD4+ T HELPER CELL TARGET CELL OF HIV – CD4+ T HELPER CELL OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION – A NORMAL HARMLESS ORGANISM THAT WHEN IT ENTERS THE BODY OF A PERSON WITH A WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM, IT CAN HARM OR KILL THEM OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION – A NORMAL HARMLESS ORGANISM THAT WHEN IT ENTERS THE BODY OF A PERSON WITH A WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM, IT CAN HARM OR KILL THEM

HIV – TIME COURSE TO AIDS

Obligate Intracellular Parasite – microorganisms that can only reproduce if they have entered another organism's cell - all viruses

CD4 Receptor – a special receptor on a host cell's surface that HIV uses to infiltrate the cell

Reverse Transcriptase – the enzyme produced by HIV and other retroviruses that allows them to synthesize DNA from their RNA, which is then integrated into the chromosomes of the host cell. Reverse Transcriptase – the enzyme produced by HIV and other retroviruses that allows them to synthesize DNA from their RNA, which is then integrated into the chromosomes of the host cell.

T-Helper Lymphocyte – target cell in the immune system for HIV

HIV virus attacking and infecting a Helper T-cell

IV. REPRODUCTION LYTIC CYCLE – REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS – virulent (disease causing) – active phase LYTIC CYCLE – REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS – virulent (disease causing) – active phase 1.Absorption – attachment to receptor site 2.Entry – insertion of genetic material 3.Replication – viral parts are made – capsid and nucleic acids 4.Assembly – separate parts are put together 5.Release – digest cell membrane and escape (destroys host cell in the process

LYSOGENIC CYCLE Temperate virus – does not cause disease immediately - virus hides out Temperate virus – does not cause disease immediately - virus hides out Resides in the cell without replicating. The cell may divide and result in many cells with the viral genetic material inside Resides in the cell without replicating. The cell may divide and result in many cells with the viral genetic material inside Will lead to lytic cycle eventually Will lead to lytic cycle eventually HIV spend the majority of the time in this cycle HIV spend the majority of the time in this cycle

VIRAL REPLICATION LAB

LAB ANSWERS…

V. Relatives of Viruses Viroids – short strands of RNA, no capsid Viroids – short strands of RNA, no capsid Prions – glycoproteins containing a polypeptide of 250 amino acids. Prions – glycoproteins containing a polypeptide of 250 amino acids. –A protein capable of replication –Infectious protein…no nucleic acid –Causes Mad Cow disease, scrappies in sheep, and Kuru in New Guinea

Pictures VIROIDS PRIONS

MAD COW DISEASE (BSE)

During WWII Sheep parts were cooked and mixed in cow feed Sheep parts were cooked and mixed in cow feed Cooking didn’t destroy “scrapie” prion Cooking didn’t destroy “scrapie” prion Cows were infected with prion Cows were infected with prion Cows get BSE “mad cow” disease Cows get BSE “mad cow” disease Can it be passed to humans? Can it be passed to humans?

Fore people of New Guinea

VI. VACCINES – preventions…not a cure Immune System – responds to foreign proteins (bacteria, virus, organ transplant, blood transfusion, bee venom, peanuts, pollen) – fever, swelling, increased mucus secretions, allergies…etc. Immune System – responds to foreign proteins (bacteria, virus, organ transplant, blood transfusion, bee venom, peanuts, pollen) – fever, swelling, increased mucus secretions, allergies…etc. Inoculation – injection with a non-replicating virus or viral parts Inoculation – injection with a non-replicating virus or viral parts

Antibodies – formed by the body to the specific foreign protein and seeks to destroy them…this is why you cannot get sick with the same cold twice Antibodies – formed by the body to the specific foreign protein and seeks to destroy them…this is why you cannot get sick with the same cold twice Antibodies continue to be produced indefinitely and remain to protect in the event of a second exposure to the real disease causing virus Antibodies continue to be produced indefinitely and remain to protect in the event of a second exposure to the real disease causing virus Immunity – your body mounting a response against a foreign antigen protein...attacks and destroys the foreign substance Immunity – your body mounting a response against a foreign antigen protein...attacks and destroys the foreign substance

QUIZ TOPICS HIV/AIDS, Video stuff HIV/AIDS, Video stuff Text , , 939, Text , , 939, Vocab Vocab Living/Nonliving WS Living/Nonliving WS Lab on Reproduction Lab on Reproduction Anatomy, Reproduction, Immunity, prion vs. viroid, vaccines Anatomy, Reproduction, Immunity, prion vs. viroid, vaccines

Jeopardy Questions - Easy HIV Stands for…. HIV Stands for…. Your immune system responds to ______. Your immune system responds to ______. How soon after exposure to HIV are you infectious? How soon after exposure to HIV are you infectious? Define obligate intracellular parasite. Define obligate intracellular parasite. Name 3 diseases caused by viruses. Name 3 diseases caused by viruses. What is an opportunistic infection? What is an opportunistic infection? Why would a virus be considered nonliving? Why would a virus be considered nonliving? What is the target cell for HIV? What is the target cell for HIV?

Jeopardy Questions - Easy HIV Stands for…. HUMAN IMMUNEDEFICIENCY VIRUS HIV Stands for…. HUMAN IMMUNEDEFICIENCY VIRUS Your immune system responds to FOREIGN PROTEINS Your immune system responds to FOREIGN PROTEINS How soon after exposure to HIV are you infectious? IMMEDIATELY How soon after exposure to HIV are you infectious? IMMEDIATELY Define obligate intracellular parasite. MUST LIVE IN A HOST TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE Define obligate intracellular parasite. MUST LIVE IN A HOST TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE Name 3 diseases caused by viruses. MEASELS, MUMPS, RABIES, HIV, FLU, COLD, SMALL POX, CHICKEN POX Name 3 diseases caused by viruses. MEASELS, MUMPS, RABIES, HIV, FLU, COLD, SMALL POX, CHICKEN POX What is an opportunistic infection? ONLY HARMS WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM IS WEAK What is an opportunistic infection? ONLY HARMS WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM IS WEAK Why would a virus be considered nonliving? NON- CELLULAR Why would a virus be considered nonliving? NON- CELLULAR What is the target cell for HIV? T-HELPER LYMPHOCYTE What is the target cell for HIV? T-HELPER LYMPHOCYTE

Jeopardy Questions - Medium What is the main difference b/t prion and a viroid? What is the main difference b/t prion and a viroid? Name 3 non-sexual fluids that carry HIV? Name 3 non-sexual fluids that carry HIV? What do AIDS victims typically die from? What do AIDS victims typically die from? AIDS stands for? AIDS stands for? What part of the virus attaches itself to the host cell? What part of the virus attaches itself to the host cell?

Jeopardy Questions - Medium What is the main difference b/t prion and a viroid? PROTEIN VS. RNA STRAND What is the main difference b/t prion and a viroid? PROTEIN VS. RNA STRAND Name 3 non-sexual fluids that carry HIV? MOTHER’S MILK, BLOOD, PUS Name 3 non-sexual fluids that carry HIV? MOTHER’S MILK, BLOOD, PUS What do AIDS victims typically die from? What do AIDS victims typically die from? OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS AIDS stands for? ACQUIRED IMMUNEDEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS stands for? ACQUIRED IMMUNEDEFICIENCY SYNDROME What part of the virus attaches itself to the host cell? TAIL FIBERS What part of the virus attaches itself to the host cell? TAIL FIBERS

Jeopardy Questions - Difficult What does the AIDS test really test for? Why is it not accurate for up to 6 months? What does the AIDS test really test for? Why is it not accurate for up to 6 months? How does a vaccine work? How does a vaccine work? Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally). Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally).

Jeopardy Questions - Difficult What does the AIDS test really test for? ANTIBODIES Why is it not accurate for up to 6 months? TAKES THAT LONG FOR ENOUGH TO BE PRODUCED What does the AIDS test really test for? ANTIBODIES Why is it not accurate for up to 6 months? TAKES THAT LONG FOR ENOUGH TO BE PRODUCED How does a vaccine work? How does a vaccine work? EXPOSE YOU TO A NON-INFECTIOUS FORM OF THE ORGANISM AND CAUSE YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM TO MAKE ANTIBODIES IF YOU ARE EXPOSED LATER YOUR BODY IS READY Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally). Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally).

Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. Contrast lytic vs. lysogenic cycle. LYTIC IS THE IMMEDIATE REPLICATION OF THE VIRUS What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? CONVERT RNA TO DNA What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme? CONVERT RNA TO DNA Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally). Name the 3 places most seriously affected by AIDS (globally). AFRICA, S and Central America, Asia and SE ASIA

A COUPLE MORE QUESTIONS Give 3 reasons why some one may say that a virus is alive Why can’t a doctor prescribe antibiotics for a virus? Describe the brief history of Mad Cow Disease