CHAPTER 6: CELLS General
Cells: General
CHAPTER 6: CELLS Compartments
Compartments - NEW INTRAvascular EXTRAvascular INTRAcellular EXTRAcellular INTRAcellular INTERcellular INTRA = inside EXTRA = outside INTER = in-between VASC = blood vessel INTRAcellular
Cell Junctions - NEW different kinds of junctions “bind” different kinds of cells
CHAPTER 3: CELLS Organelles
Organelles: Cytoplasm the “stuff” that is inside of cells other than nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies, etc…
Organelles: Cell Membrane outer limit of cell selectively permeable (“picky”) comprised of phospholipids: –polar phosphate head –non-polar fatty acid tails self-arranged in a bilayer:
Organelles: Cell Membrane
Organelles: Vesicles “pockets” or “containers” of membrane found INTRAcellular and EXTRAcellular like a “soap bubble”
Organelles: Nucleus control center of the cell DNA -> RNA proteins = Gene Expression
Chromatin
Centrioles
Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) transport system container if contains ribosomes (protein factories, looks rough)
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Paramecium Contractile vacuole
The endomembrane system’s interconnectedness. All membranes are the same bilayer.
Organelles: Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell produces ATP: –by cellular respiration –sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP –C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H ATP
Plastids
Peroxisomes Consume deadly free oxygen within the cell, transport it to mitochondria. Enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) H 2 O 2 is also toxic to a cell, and an enzyme made by the peroxisome can break down H 2 O 2 into O and H2O when necessary.
Fig. 7.19
Lysosome
The cytoskeleton maintains the cell’s shape and more… p.120 Microtubules largest compression resisting (girders) made of tubulin (tube) large scale movements: chromosomes flagella, cilia, Microfilaments smallest tension bearing (resists pulling) made of actin muscle contraction cytoplasmic movements (see 7.27) Intermediate filaments intermediate size tension bearing (resists pulling) made of keratin-type proteins anchors organelles
CHAPTER 6: CELLS Cell Types
vary in size possess distinctive shapes different functions: –red blood cells –white blood cells –nerve cells –muscle cells –bone cells
CHAPTER 6: CELLS Levels of Organization
subatomic particles: –protons (+1) –neutrons (0) –electrons (-1) atoms: –carbon –hydrogen –oxygen molecules: –water, glucose
Levels of Organization macromolecules: –proteins –DNA organelles: –nucleus –mitochondria cells: –RBCs –WBCs –nerve cells
Levels of Organization tissues: –cartilage –tendons –ligaments organs: –stomach –liver –pancreas –small intestines
Levels of Organization organ systems: –nervous –skeletal –digestive organism: –the entire human
Levels of Organization