CHAPTER 6: CELLS General. Cells: General CHAPTER 6: CELLS Compartments.

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Presentation transcript:

CHAPTER 6: CELLS General

Cells: General

CHAPTER 6: CELLS Compartments

Compartments - NEW INTRAvascular EXTRAvascular INTRAcellular EXTRAcellular INTRAcellular INTERcellular INTRA = inside EXTRA = outside INTER = in-between VASC = blood vessel INTRAcellular

Cell Junctions - NEW different kinds of junctions “bind” different kinds of cells

CHAPTER 3: CELLS Organelles

Organelles: Cytoplasm the “stuff” that is inside of cells other than nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies, etc…

Organelles: Cell Membrane outer limit of cell selectively permeable (“picky”) comprised of phospholipids: –polar phosphate head –non-polar fatty acid tails self-arranged in a bilayer:

Organelles: Cell Membrane

Organelles: Vesicles “pockets” or “containers” of membrane found INTRAcellular and EXTRAcellular like a “soap bubble”

Organelles: Nucleus control center of the cell DNA -> RNA  proteins = Gene Expression

Chromatin

Centrioles

Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) transport system container if contains ribosomes (protein factories, looks rough)

Ribosomes

Vacuoles

Paramecium Contractile vacuole

The endomembrane system’s interconnectedness. All membranes are the same bilayer.

Organelles: Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell produces ATP: –by cellular respiration –sugar + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP –C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H ATP

Plastids

Peroxisomes Consume deadly free oxygen within the cell, transport it to mitochondria. Enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) H 2 O 2 is also toxic to a cell, and an enzyme made by the peroxisome can break down H 2 O 2 into O and H2O when necessary.

Fig. 7.19

Lysosome

The cytoskeleton maintains the cell’s shape and more… p.120 Microtubules largest compression resisting (girders) made of tubulin (tube) large scale movements: chromosomes flagella, cilia, Microfilaments smallest tension bearing (resists pulling) made of actin muscle contraction cytoplasmic movements (see 7.27) Intermediate filaments intermediate size tension bearing (resists pulling) made of keratin-type proteins anchors organelles

CHAPTER 6: CELLS Cell Types

vary in size possess distinctive shapes different functions: –red blood cells –white blood cells –nerve cells –muscle cells –bone cells

CHAPTER 6: CELLS Levels of Organization

subatomic particles: –protons (+1) –neutrons (0) –electrons (-1) atoms: –carbon –hydrogen –oxygen molecules: –water, glucose

Levels of Organization macromolecules: –proteins –DNA organelles: –nucleus –mitochondria cells: –RBCs –WBCs –nerve cells

Levels of Organization tissues: –cartilage –tendons –ligaments organs: –stomach –liver –pancreas –small intestines

Levels of Organization organ systems: –nervous –skeletal –digestive organism: –the entire human

Levels of Organization

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