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Biology: life study of What is Life? Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many Growth: cell enlargement, cell number Evolution: long term adaptation Behavior: short term response to stimuli Reproduction: avoid extinction at death Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion Properties of Life

Obtaining Food Heterotrophs need to feed on other organisms, their by- products, or their dead bodies to survive

Heterotrophic Organisms Herbivores: feed directly upon producers Carnivores: feed directly upon herbivores or other carnivores Omnivores: feed upon both producers and consumers Parasites: feed upon living organisms causing disease Saprobes: feed upon by-products and/or dead bodies aka detritivore Food is required as fuel for respiration: Cytosolic Glycolysis: sugars to pyruvate Mitochondrial Matrix Krebs Cycle: pyruvate to CO 2 and NADH Mitochondrial Cristae ETS/Oxidative Phosphorylation: NADH and O 2 to H 2 O and ADP + P i to ATP

The feeding of Paramecium itself is internal digestion: capture cilia movement oral groove (alveolus) cytopharynx (mouth) macronucleus micronucleus food vacuole endocytosis (phagocytosis) exocytosis (anal pore) contractile vacuole enzymatic digestion subunit absorption waste elimination

lysosome Golgi endoplasmic reticulum food vacuole digestive vacuole exo- cytosis subunits enzymes waste Intracellular food digestion: phago- cytosis 1.phagocytosis of food 2.food vacuole formation 3.lysosome + food vacuole = digestive vacuole 4.enzymatic digestion of food 5.absorption of subunits 6.exocytosis of waste

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Earthworms also have a tubular digestive system

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Earthworms also have a tubular digestive system intakemuscular grinding enzymatic digestion subunit uptake waste elimination

A look inside the digestive system: Mandibles chop food sideways Stomach holds food, grinds food Digestive gland injects enzymes Intestine absorbs subunits Rectum dehydrates wastes Anus ejects fecal pellet

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company This female mosquito has sensory organs to locate the victim animal (thermal, CO 2 ) and it’s blood vessels (octenol). She also has a stylet to pierce into an animal’s circulation system. piercing stylet She has a diverticulum to hold the blood meal for later use. She lives for 4-5 days on this one blood meal. The blood protein is used for laying a “raft” of eggs in water.