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Cell Stiffness: Next Gen Biomarker for Disease?

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Cells  Discovered by Robert Hooke in  Basic structural, functional and biological unit of living organism.  Smallest unit of life that can replicate.  Building blocks of life.

Types of Cell

Cell Organelles

Neurons Bone cells Epithelial cells Muscle cells Cell is the basic unit of life. Cells  Tissues  Organs  Human Body Human Body: Multiscale Biomaterial System

Functions Intracellular Transport Cellular Division Cytoskeleton of Cell

 Microfilament Acts as tracks of myosin that helps in muscle movement.  Intermediate Filament Maintains cell shape by bearing tension Anchors cell organelles  Microtubules Intracellular transport, mitotic spindle  Components Of Cytoskeleton

Normal Cell Reproduction controlled Communicate with other cells through chemical signals Shows cell adhesion Ability of self destruction Cancer Cell Reproduction uncontrolled Loss in ability to communicate No ability of cell adhesion Loss in ability of programmed death Normal Cell vs Cancer Cell

 Abnormal conditions  Pathological conditions What is Disease?

 Clinical diagnosis  Laboratory diagnosis  Radiology diagnosis  Principle diagnosis  Prenatal diagnosis  Biopsy Methods of disease diagnosis

Response….

 Capability of an object to resist deformation in response to applied force.  Caused by inhomogeneous distribution of cytoskeletal structure.  Fibroblast – 1 micron  Vascular smooth muscle cells >> 2 micron What is Cell Stiffness??

 Any deviation in the structural and mechanical properties can result in the breakdown of physiological functions and may possibly lead to diseases. Cell Mechanics: Related to Disease???

 Red blood cell membrane stiffness is observed in malaria.  Invasive tumour cells mechanically soften.  Measurement of cancer cell stiffness have shown strong correlation between cell deformability and cell malignancy. Examples….

 Young’s Modulus – A parameter for cell stiffness measurement How to Measure Cell Stiffness??

Atomic Force Microscopy

The AFM in a Nutshell Atomic Force Microscopy probe indentation: simplest, easiest, most popular method.

Summary…  The mechanical properties of cells may potentially be used in clinical diagnostics and even therapy of certain types of diseases. Research is on…………………..

 tech/Spotting-disease-by-gauging-cell- stiffness/articleshow/ cms  A.B.Verkhovsky,T.M.Svitkina, and G.G. Borisy J. Cell Sci., 110: , 1997 Credits  pload/thumb/9/9c/350px- Atomic_force_microscope_block_diagram.JPG  S. Suresh, J. Spatz, J.P. Mills, A. Micoulet, M. Dao, C.T. Lim, M. Beil, T. Seufferlein Acta Biomaterialia 1, 15–30, 2001  G. Bao, S. Sureseh, Nature Materials, 2, 715, 2003

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