ACEDAMIC REPORT WRITING PRESENTATION

ARTICLE 1

1. Citation Database: PsycARTICLES [ Journal Article ] Job characteristics, work–school conflict, and school outcomes among adolescents: Testing a structural model. Markel, Karen S.; Frone, Michael R. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 83(2), Apr 1998, doi: / / Abstract A conceptual model of work–school conflict was developed and tested. This study extends prior adolescent employment research by investigating the process by which job characteristics are associated with school outcomes. Data were obtained from a sample of 319 adolescents (16 to 19 years old) who were full-time students and part-time workers. The model was tested using structural equation modeling techniques. Results supported the hypothesized path model. Job characteristics (workload, number of work hours, and job dissatisfaction) were positively related to work–school conflict. Work–school conflict was negatively related to school readiness. School readiness was positively related to school performance, which was negatively associated with school dissatisfaction. In addition, results support a feedback relation, such that school dissatisfaction is negatively related to school readiness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

3.1 Settings - Participant background. In this research the participant background 319 adolescents which are around 16 to 19 years old who were full-time students and part time workers. 3.2 Data collection - Procedure Data obtained from a sample of 319 adolescents who were full-time students and part time workers. The model was tested using structural equation modeling techniques and results were obtained which shows on negative feedback relation.

3.3 Data analysis In this research it they used secondary data. The data which has been collected by other people for their research. However, in some cases, other people may also use this data. For example, when they want to replicate the previous study. This study extends prior adolescent employment research by investigating the process by which job characteristics are associated with school outcomes 3.4 Statistical instruments used to analyze the data (if any) In this research shows that researchers used structural equation modeling techniques in order to obtained the results.

ARTICLE 2

2.Examines the relation between part-time employment and adolescent development in a heterogeneous sample of approximately 4,000 15–18- yr-olds. Long work hours during the school year are associated with lower investment and performance in school, greater psychological and somatic distress, drug and alcohol use, delinquency, and autonomy from parents. Workers do not have any advantages over non-workers in self-reliance, work orientation, or self-esteem. The negative correlates of school-year employment are closely linked to the number of hours worked each week and generally cut across ethnic, socioeconomic, and age groups; in no subsample are the correlates of extensive employment positive. The findings suggest that parents, educational practitioners, and policy makers should continue to monitor the number of weekly hours adolescents work during the school year.

3.1 Settings - Participant background In this research the participants backgrounds a part time employment and adolescent developments around years olds. 3.2 Data collection - Procedures A surveys was conducted in order to obtain results of this research in order to obtain the results which relation between part-time employment and adolescent developments. 3.3 Data analysis In this research it they used is primary data. The data collected for the purpose of research, for examples questionnaire, interviews, case studies, observation 3.4 Statistical instruments used to analyze the data (if any) None.

ARTICLE 3

3.Researchers disagree over whether negative correlates of extensive part-time employment during adolescence are consequences of working or are due to differential selection into the labor force. This study examines the over-time relation between school-year employment and adjustment in a heterogeneous sample of approximately 1,800 high school sophomores and juniors. Analyses indicate both significant selection effects and negative consequences of employment. Before working, adolescents who later work more than 20 hrs per wk are less engaged in school and are granted more autonomy by their parents. However, taking on a job for more than 20 hrs per wk further disengages youngsters from school, increases delinquency and drug use, furthers autonomy from parents, and diminishes self- reliance. Leaving the labor force after working long hours leads to improved school performance but does not reverse the other negatives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

3.1 Settings - Participant background In this research the participant background are 1800 high school sophomores and juniors. 3.2 Data collection - Procedures An adjustments in the heterogeneous sample was conducted. Then, the indicating both significant selection effects and negative consequences of employment was analyzed. 3.3 Data analysis In this research it they used is primary data. The data collected for the purpose of research, for examples questionnaire, interviews, case studies, observation. 3.4 Statistical instruments used to analyse the data (if any) None.

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