Introduction, History and Computer Basics Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology

Computer Science: A foundation Programming Game Development Software Engineering Networking Security System Administration Information Technology Web design and development Animation Modeling History Perspective Social issues Economic issues Ethic issues Consumer issues Software Development Networking and IT Digital Media General Education A computer science foundation

Role of Algorithms Hardware Software Programming Program Algorithm Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed Program: A representation of an algorithm Programming: The process of developing a program Software: Programs and algorithms Hardware: Equipment used to input information (data) and output the results of the programs, algorithms.

Origins of Computing Machines: Early computing devices Abacus 300 BC by Babylonians around 1200 A.D. in China and Japan Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers

Early computing devices Pascal’s mechanical calculator - 1645 Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s) Positions of gears represent numbers Inventors: Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

Early Data Storage Punched cards First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine Popular through the 1970’s

Early programming Augusta Ada King (Byron), Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852) She is known as the "first programmer". The computer language Ada, created by the U.S. Defense Department, was named after Ada Lovelace.

Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822) Part of the Difference Engine (below) Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. (1822) The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. (Wikipedia)

Early Computers Vacuum tube Transistor Microchip Here is a brief overview of some of the early computers and trends in computing.

First Generation – Vacuum Tubes 1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic circuits or electronic switches.

1946 - ENIAC First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high 3 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY

Second Generation – Transistors 1947 - Walter Brittain and Willaim Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch

Third Generation – Integrated Circuits 1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce (who later became the cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or microchip). An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated circuits packaged together on a single sliver of silicon. It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor devices into as single, smaller device, the “microchip.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWVywhzuHnQ&feature=related

Fourth Generation - Microprocessor A microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip. 1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip. Intel 4004 108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors

IBM Personal Computer On August 12, 1981, IBM released their new computer, named the IBM PC 2004 – IBM sells PC business to Lenovo

Apple Computers 1975 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak starts Apple Computer 1984 – Apple Macintosh with Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Laptops 1981 - Adam Osborne, produced the Osborne 1 1988 - Compaq laptop with color screen 2008 – Macbook Air – thinnest laptop 2011 – Dell XPS 15Z – thinnest Windows laptop

Trends from 1990 to today… Microsoft continues to update Windows with latest version Windows called “Windows 8” LINUX operating system, an open source version of UNIX, is taking on MS Windows and gaining in popularity IBM has stopped making small computers; sold their business to Lenovo HP, the largest maker of PC is planning to sell their PC division Apple continues to be a major player in personal computers, especially for the “creative market”, iPods, iPads, iPhones, etc. Google has become a major player in the Internet solutions

Trends from 1990 to today… Faster Smaller More reliable Less expensive Easier to use

Fifth Generation Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are continuing to be in development. Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibility that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than those under central processing. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Computer Basics 21

What is a computer? A computer is a digital device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another. Do exactly as they are told. Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON - 0 and 1) 22 22

Traditional Types of Computers General purpose computers Super computer Mainframe Personal Computer 23 23

Traditional types of computers: Super computers fast processing power used by NASA and similar organizations Example: CRAY supercomputers

Traditional Types of Computers: Mainframe Computers First computers, introduced in 1950s Used by large businesses Typically supported thousands of users Very expensive Used for very large processing tasks IBM’s new Mainframe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LN4J4mClckA 25 25

Traditional Types of Computers: Personal Computers Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip. 26 26

Personal Computers Desktop computers Laptop computers Tablets Wearables 27 27

Hardware versus Software Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system. 28 28

Hardware versus Software Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. System Software Application Software Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc. 29 29

Hardware Components PROCESS Know these! 30 30

Input and Output Devices 31 31

The Processor Let’s open the box! 32 32

The Processor circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips) system board or motherboard interface boards or expansion boards system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the: CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory RAM ROM or ROM BIOS expansion slots 33 33

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The Processor: The CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which: 1. executes the instructions in a software program 2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices The CPU is the computer! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 35 35

RAM RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost 36 36

ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information Read Only = information which: Cannot be changed Cannot be removed Fixed by manufacturer 37 37

ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software) ROM contains: start-up (boot) instructions instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor 38 38

Computer Performance: CPU speed (and type) Amount of RAM (and speed) Hard disk capacity 39 39

Software System Software Application Software 40 40

Application Software Performs specific tasks: Word processing Calculations Information storage and retrieval Accounting Games Cannot function without the OS (Operating System) Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware. 41 41

Operating System Software Loads automatically when you switch on a computer Main roles: Controls hardware and software Permits you to manage files Acts as intermediary between user and applications 42 42

GUI – Graphical User Interface Windows 3.1 Windows 95/98/XP 43 43

CLI – Command Line Interface No GUI MS DOS / Command Prompt Linux / Unix 44 44