Learning. Adaptation to the Environment Learning—any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time.

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Presentation transcript:

Learning

Adaptation to the Environment Learning—any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time

Learning Processes Operant conditioning Behaviorism Classical conditioning

B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Did not like Thorndike’s term “satisfying state of affairs” Interested in emitted behaviors Operant—voluntary response that acts on the environment to produce consequences

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

Reinforcement—the occurrence of a stimulus following a response that increases the likelihood of the response being repeated Operant Conditioning

Behaviorism The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses John B. Watson (1913) B. F. Skinner (1938)

Reinforcers Primary—a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing for a species (biological necessities) Conditioned—a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer

Punishment Presentation of a stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Problems with Punishment Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior May produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear Likely to be temporary May model aggression

Observation Learning Observation Modeling Imitation Albert Bandura

Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)

Pavlov’s Dogs Digestive reflexes and salivation

Neutral Stimulus—Bell Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself –a bell ringing

Unconditioned Stimulus—Food Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response –food

Unconditioned Response — Salivation A response to an unconditioned stimulus—naturally occurring –Salivation at smell of food

Conditioned Stimulus—Bell The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself

Conditioned Response The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus

John B. Watson and Little Albert Conditioned emotional responses Generalization Extinction