The end of Hoover The Bonus March The Bonus March –July 1932

Election 1932

Hoover and Roosevelt

Franklin Roosevelt, 1933

Franklin D. Roosevelt A Patrician in Government A Patrician in Government –From a an old, wealthy family –Married a cousin Eleanor Roosevelt –Contracted polio in 1921 The Making of a Politician The Making of a Politician –Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson –Governor of New York 1928 The Election of 1932 The Election of 1932 –Campaigned to give “a new deal to the American people.” –A new coalition of farmers, factory workers, and immigrants –Won by a large margin –“fireside chats”

The “New Deal” OBJECTIVES 1. RELIEF for the poor and unemployed 2. RECOVERY for the economy 3. REFORM government and banking systems to avert future economic disasters

Guiding Ideas of New Deal 1. Capitalist solutions to problems (not socialist or communist) 1. Capitalist solutions to problems (not socialist or communist) 2. Attempt to achieve a balance between consumption and production 2. Attempt to achieve a balance between consumption and production 3. Government programs to counterbalance power of huge corporations 3. Government programs to counterbalance power of huge corporations 4. Allow working people a bigger share in economy 4. Allow working people a bigger share in economy

Who? The New Dealers The New Dealers –Harry Hopkins –Frances Perkins –Eleanor Roosevelt –Mary McLeod Bethune

Harry Hopkins (right)

Frances Perkins

Frances Perkins (left)

Mary McLeod Bethune receiving a YWCA award

Bethune in office at Bethune- Cookman College

Banking and Finance Reform Emergency Banking Act created during “bank holiday”: four days where banks were closed for reorganization Emergency Banking Act created during “bank holiday”: four days where banks were closed for reorganization FDIC: the government to insure bank deposits FDIC: the government to insure bank deposits SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission to prevent fraud and insider trading in the stock market SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission to prevent fraud and insider trading in the stock market

Relief and Conservation Programs FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Act FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Act Civilian Conservation Corps Civilian Conservation Corps –For example Hoover Dam TVA TVA

Agricultural Initiatives AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act –“While millions of Americans went to bed hungry, farmers slaughtered millions of cattle, hogs, sheep, and other livestock and destroyed millions of acres of crops in order to qualify for their allotment payments.” FCA: Farm Credit Act FCA: Farm Credit Act –Helped farmers to avoid foreclosure

Industrial Recovery NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act NRA: National Recovery Act NRA: National Recovery Act –A sort of “peace” offering by Roosevelt to business, asking them to monitor themselves to curtail competition and agree to collective bargaining. –Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional for taking powers reserved to Congress

Dust Bowl

Opposition to the New Deal from the right and the left From the Right: From the Right: Resistance to Business Reform; said reforms were too radical –U.S. Chamber of Commerce –National Association of Manufacturers Casualties in the Countryside Casualties in the Countryside Politics on the Fringes Politics on the Fringes

From the Left From the Left –Socialists and Communists –Father Charles Coughlin –Dr. Francis Townsend –Huey Long, Governor of Louisiana –Upton Sinclair, candidate for Governor of California

Father Charles Coughlin

Doctor Townsend

Social Security

What is it? The Social Security Act required that pensions for the elderly be funded not by direct government payments, but instead by tax contributions from workers and employers. The Social Security Act required that pensions for the elderly be funded not by direct government payments, but instead by tax contributions from workers and employers. For the first time in the nation’s history, millions of ordinary citizens were numbered, registered, and identified by the government, creating a link between the individual and the government. For the first time in the nation’s history, millions of ordinary citizens were numbered, registered, and identified by the government, creating a link between the individual and the government. First check not issued until First check not issued until 1940.

Toward a Welfare State Relief for the Unemployed Relief for the Unemployed Empowering Labor Empowering Labor Social Security and Tax Reform Social Security and Tax Reform Neglected Americans and the New Deal Neglected Americans and the New Deal

The New Deal from Victory to Deadlock The Election of 1936 The Election of 1936 Court Packing Court Packing Reaction and Recession Reaction and Recession The Last of the New Deal Reforms The Last of the New Deal Reforms

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority landscape

TVA

Worker, TVA

Mrs. Roosevelt during the war

Farm wife

Mass meetings

Demonstration S.F. City Hall, WPA

In California from Dust Bowl

Upton Sinclair

Workers, Hoover Dam

Successes of the New Deal Social Security Social Security Labor’s right to organize Labor’s right to organize Stabilization of agriculture and its markets Stabilization of agriculture and its markets Did not abandon democracy for socialism or communism Did not abandon democracy for socialism or communism Retained American capitalist system Retained American capitalist system

Failures of the New Deal Relief, recovery, and reform left many people out Relief, recovery, and reform left many people out Depression not fundamentally remedied Depression not fundamentally remedied Did not address the shortcomings of capitalism Did not address the shortcomings of capitalism Two of its programs deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court: the NRA and the AAA Two of its programs deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court: the NRA and the AAA

Firsts of the New Deal First woman cabinet member: Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor First woman cabinet member: Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor First Labor Relations Law: The Wagner Act 1934, the so- called “Magna Carta” for labor First Labor Relations Law: The Wagner Act 1934, the so- called “Magna Carta” for labor First president to advocate protection for the elderly First president to advocate protection for the elderly First national registration of ordinary citizens with the government First national registration of ordinary citizens with the government First black woman to head a federal agency: Mary McLeod Bethune in the National Youth Administration First black woman to head a federal agency: Mary McLeod Bethune in the National Youth Administration First federal housing law: National Housing Act, 1937, for decent urban housing First federal housing law: National Housing Act, 1937, for decent urban housing