23 The New Deal A New Deal Fights the Depression QUIT 23 C H A P T E R The New Deal CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP SECTION 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups SECTION 4 Culture in the 1930s SECTION 5 The Impact of the New Deal GRAPH VISUAL SUMMARY

HOME 23 C H A P T E R The New Deal CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To understand the impetus for FDR’s New Deal legislations and the impact these policies had on the American nation

HOME 23 C H A P T E R The New Deal I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y It is 1933, the height of the Great Depression. Thousands of banks and businesses have failed, and a quarter of the adult population is out of work. Now a new president takes office, promising to bring relief to the ailing economy. How would you begin to revive the economy? Examine the Issues • How can the government help failing industries? • What can be done to ease unemployment? • What would you do to restore public confidence and economic security? • How would you get money to pay for your proposed recovery programs?

23 The New Deal The United States The World HOME TIME LINE C H A P T E R The New Deal TIME LINE The United States The World 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is inaugurated. 1933 Hitler and the Nazi party come to power in Germany. 1934 Congress creates the SEC to regulate the stock market. Indian Reorganization Act is passed. 1935 Congress passes the Social Security Act. 1935 Mussolini leads Italian invasion of Ethiopia. British Parliament passes the Government of India Act. 1936 President Roosevelt is reelected. 1936 Civil war begins in Spain. 1937 Labor unions begin using sit-down strikes. 1937 Japan invades Northern China. Hindenburg disaster 1938 Route 66 is completed, linking Chicago, Illinois, to Los Angeles, California. 1939 The Wizard of Oz is released in movie theaters. 1939 Germany invades Poland. 1940 President Roosevelt is elected a third time.

A New Deal Fights the Depression S E C T I O N 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP HOME KEY IDEA President Roosevelt takes many actions to combat the Depression. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

A New Deal Fights the Depression S E C T I O N 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After becoming president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt used government programs to combat the Depression. Americans still benefit from programs begun in the New Deal, such as bank and stock market regulations and the Tennessee Valley Authority. TERMS & NAMES • Franklin Delano Roosevelt • Glass-Steagall Act • Federal Securities Act • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) • Huey Long • deficit spending • New Deal ASSESSMENT

A New Deal Fights the Depression S E C T I O N 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 1. List problems that President Roosevelt confronted and how he tried to solve them. Problems Solutions Lack of confidence in banks Bank holiday; treasury inspection; deposit insurance Low crop prices Paying farmers to slow crop production Massive unemployment Federal work programs continued . . .

A New Deal Fights the Depression S E C T I O N 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Of the New Deal programs discussed in this section, which do you consider the most important? Think About: • the type of assistance offered by each program • the scope of each program • the impact of each program ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: The FDIC boosted confidence in banks The CCC provided aid for unemployment and helped the environment. continued . . .

A New Deal Fights the Depression S E C T I O N 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Do you think Roosevelt was wrong to try to “pack” the Supreme Court with those in favor of the New Deal? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: No: Given the crisis of the Depression, it was necessary for FDR to restructure the Court. Yes: FDR’s proposed “Court-packing bill” would violate principles of judicial independence and the separation of powers. continued . . .

A New Deal Fights the Depression S E C T I O N 1 A New Deal Fights the Depression MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 4. The New Deal has often been referred to as a turning point in American history. Cite examples to explain why. ANSWER The New Deal helped the failing banking system, restored people’s hope in the future, provided assistance to farmers and those in need of housing, and provided people with jobs. End of Section 1

The Second New Deal Takes Hold S E C T I O N 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME KEY IDEA The Second New Deal institutes new programs to extend federal aid and stimulate the nation’s economy. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

The Second New Deal Takes Hold S E C T I O N 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Second New Deal included new programs to extend federal aid and stimulate the nation’s economy. Second New Deal programs continue to assist homebuyers, farmers, workers, and the elderly in the 2000s. TERMS & NAMES • Social Security Act • Eleanor Roosevelt • Works Progress Administration (WPA) • National Youth Administration • Wagner Act ASSESSMENT

The Second New Deal Takes Hold S E C T I O N 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Discuss how groups such as farmers, the unemployed, youth, and retirees were helped by Second New Deal programs. Second New Deal Group How Helped Farmers Second Agricultural Adjustment Act, Farm Security Administration, Rural Electrification Administration Unemployed Works Progress Administration, Social Security Administration, National Youth Administration Labor Wagner Act, Fair Labor Standards Act Retirees Social Security Act continued . . .

The Second New Deal Takes Hold S E C T I O N 2 The Second New Deal Takes Hold HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Why might the Social Security Act be considered the most important achievement of the New Deal? Think About: • the types of relief needed in the 1930s • alternatives to government assistance to the elderly, the unemployed, and the disabled • the scope of the act ANSWER The Social Security Act provided immediate aid to the unemployed, the elderly, the disabled, and families with dependent children. It was the New Deal program with the largest scope, affecting thousands of people, over many years. End of Section 2

The New Deal Affects Many Groups S E C T I O N 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME KEY IDEA New Deal policies and actions affect Americans in all walks of life. The Democratic Party forms a new political coalition. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

The New Deal Affects Many Groups S E C T I O N 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW New Deal policies and actions affected various social and ethnic groups. The New Deal made a lasting impact on increasing the government’s role in the struggle for equal rights. TERMS & NAMES • Mary McLeod Bethune • New Deal coalition • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) • John Collier • Frances Perkins ASSESSMENT

The New Deal Affects Many Groups S E C T I O N 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Note the effects of New Deal policies on American women, African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and unionized workers. Effects of New Deal Women African Americans Mexican Americans Native Americans Unionized workers Appointment of John Collier and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Aided by some New Deal programs but received less help than others Appointment of Frances Perkins as first female cabinet member Appointee Mary McLeod Bethune and the “Black Cabinet” The Wagner Act and other prolabor legislation continued . . .

The New Deal Affects Many Groups S E C T I O N 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME ASSESSMENT 2. What steps did women make toward equality during the 1930s? Think About: • the role of women in government • hiring practices in federal programs • women’s opportunities in business and industry ANSWER Women appointed to government positions; more women employed outside the home; expanding opportunities in the workplace; women activists and organizers continued . . .

The New Deal Affects Many Groups S E C T I O N 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME ASSESSMENT 3. In your opinion, did organized labor become too powerful in the 1930s? Think About: • why workers joined unions • how unions organized workers • the role of unions in politics ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Yes: Strikes interfered with business and labor disputes and sometimes resulted in violence. No: Unionization resulted in better working conditions. continued . . .

The New Deal Affects Many Groups S E C T I O N 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Why did urban voters support President Roosevelt? ANSWER New Deal labor and relief programs helped the urban poor. Roosevelt made direct appeals to urban voters during his campaign. End of Section 3

4 Culture in the 1930s KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 4 Culture in the 1930s HOME KEY IDEA Motion pictures, radio, art, and literature all blossom during the period of the New Deal. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

4 Culture in the 1930s OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 4 Culture in the 1930s HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Motion pictures, radio, art, and literature blossomed during the New Deal. The films, music, art, and literature of the 1930s still captivate today’s public. TERMS & NAMES • Gone With the Wind • Richard Wright • The Grapes of Wrath • Grant Wood • Orson Welles ASSESSMENT

Orson Welles, Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Burns and Allen S E C T I O N 4 Culture in the 1930s HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Fill in the names of those who contributed to each aspect of American culture in the 1930s. Writers Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, James T. Farrell, John Steinbeck, Thorton Wilder Radio Stars Movie Stars Orson Welles, Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Burns and Allen Clark Gable, Marlene Dietrich, James Cagney, Vivien Leigh, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers Painters Edward Hopper, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood continued . . .

S E C T I O N 4 Culture in the 1930s HOME ASSESSMENT 2. What type of movies do you think might have been produced if the government had supported moviemaking as part of the New Deal? ANSWER Movies that focused on social and political accomplishments, and documentaries about the Dust Bowl and the Depression. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 4 Culture in the 1930s HOME ASSESSMENT 3. How did the entertainment industry affect the economy? ANSWER Entertainment, especially movies and radio, was a lucrative industry during the Depression. New movie theatres had regular patrons; nearly 90 percent of Americans owned radios by 1940. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 4 Culture in the 1930s HOME ASSESSMENT 4. In your opinion, what were the main benefits of government support for art and literature in the 1930s? Think About: • the experiences of Americans in the Great Depression • the writers who got their start through the FWP • the subject matter of WPA murals and other New Deal-sponsored art ANSWER Writers produced literature about the hardships and daily struggle of the American people during the 1930s. New Deal art produced a written and pictorial legacy of the Depression years. The government provided writers and artists with the opportunity to create. The arts became more accessible to the public. End of Section 4

The Impact of the New Deal S E C T I O N 5 The Impact of the New Deal GRAPH HOME KEY IDEA The New Deal affects American society not only in the 1930s but also in the decades that follow. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

The Impact of the New Deal S E C T I O N 5 The Impact of the New Deal GRAPH HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The New Deal affected American society not only in the 1930s but also in the decades that followed. Americans still debate over how large a role government should play in American life. TERMS & NAMES • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) • parity ASSESSMENT

The Impact of the New Deal S E C T I O N 5 The Impact of the New Deal GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 1. List four long-term effects of the New Deal. National Labor Relations Board mediates labor disputes. Securities and Exchange Commission monitors the stock market. New Deal’s Long-Term Effects Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures accounts up to $100,000. Social Security provides assistance to eligible citizens. continued . . .

The Impact of the New Deal S E C T I O N 5 The Impact of the New Deal GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Some critics have charged that the New Deal was antibusiness and anti-free enterprise. Explain why you agree or disagree with this charge. Think About: • the expanded power of the federal government • the New Deal’s effect on the economy • the New Deal’s effect on the American people ANSWER Agree: The New Deal weakened free enterprise business by increasing regulations, taxes, union membership, and wages. Disagree: It increased government spending, improved the economy, provided hope, and aided free enterprise. continued . . .

The Impact of the New Deal S E C T I O N 5 The Impact of the New Deal GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 3. How successful do you think Franklin Roosevelt was as a president? ANSWER Success: Roosevelt’s New Deal programs addressed the crisis of the Depression and helped the country recover. Failure: Roosevelt did not support civil rights for African Americans. New Deal legislation stifled free enterprise and individual initiative. End of Section 5