TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL When President William McKinley was assassinated 6 months into his second term, Theodore Roosevelt became the nations 26th president McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901

THE MODERN PRESIDENT When Roosevelt was thrust into the presidency in 1901, he became the youngest president ever at age 42 He quickly established himself as a modern president who could influence the media and shape legislation

A “Square Deal” for Labor 1902 Anthracite COAL STRIKE In 1902 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionize Mine owners refused to bargain Roosevelt served as Mediator - called in both sides and settled the dispute Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in and help

TRUSTBUSTING By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries TR believed in “Good Trusts” and “Bad Trusts” - J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Co. & Standard Oil Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act Truly more of a trust regulator than a “trustbuster”

Railroad Regulation Increased power of ICC Elkins Act (1903) - railroads couldn’t grant “rebates” to favored customers Hepburn Act - ICC could set “just and reasonable” rates

Consumer Protection: “THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO FOOD REGULATION After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 The Act mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT In response to unregulated claims and unhealthy products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 The Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines (some for children contained opium) and called for truth in labeling The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients off the market

ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENT Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the federal government paid very little attention to the nation’s natural resources Roosevelt made conservation a primary concern of his administration Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author John Muir at Yosemite Park

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS Roosevelt set aside 150 million acres of forest reserves Won passage of Newlands Reclamation Act in 1902 - irrigation projects out west Established National Conservation Commission under Gifford Pinchot He also set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites and he established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTS Roosevelt failed to support Civil Rights for African Americans He did, however, support a few individuals such as Booker T. Washington

Panama: The King’s Crown 1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. (joint US -Britain control) 1901  Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. (Britain out) Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. Dr. Walter Reed Colonel W. Goethals. 1903  Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904 completed in 1914) Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904 completed in 1914)

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Constable of the World

Elihu Root Modernizes the Military Replaces John Hay as Sec. of State Expanded army to 100,000 Officer training schools Joint Chiefs of Staff - military advisors Elihu Root

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907 Root-Takahira Agreement 1908

Teddy Roosevelt promised not to run for a third term in 1908 He chose his friend and Secretary of War to carry on his policies William Howard Taft

PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT TAFT Republican William Howard Taft easily defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 presidential election Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s War Secretary

He won victories over 90 trusts in 4 years Teddy Roosevelt was called a “trust buster” but the real “buster” was William Howard Taft He won victories over 90 trusts in 4 years …but received little credit for it. He upset TR when he took down U. S. Steel that TR had labeled a “Good Trust”

Taxes on imported goods $$$ Higher prices $$$$$$$$ Trouble for Taft Consumer Taxes on imported goods $$$ Tariffs Higher prices $$$$$$$$ Taft had promised to lower tariffs Then the Senate passed a the Aldrich Bill - which raised many tariff rates Taft was forced to sign off on a compromise: the Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Progressive Republicans felt that Taft had betrayed them “A mean trick to play on an unsuspecting elephant”

Trouble for Taft Conservation Made Richard A. Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior Ballinger removed 1 million acres in Alaska from reserved list, making it available for sale Some who protested were fired, including Gifford Pinchot, head of Forest Service

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

Taft called the Presidency, “The lonesomest job in the world” TAFT LOSES POWER Taft became unpopular, Progressive Republicans were upset that conservative Joe Cannon remained Speaker and Taft supported conservatives in the midterm elections By 1910, Democrats had regained control of the House of Representatives Taft called the Presidency, “The lonesomest job in the world”

Republicans Split between… The Progressives The Conservatives lower tariffs, conservation, reform higher tariffs land for development support of business

Roosevelt and supporters start the Progressive Party The return of Theodore Roosevelt - 1912 Disappointed by Taft, Roosevelt decided to run again Conservative Republicans gave nomination to Taft Roosevelt and supporters start the Progressive Party The “Bull Moose Party” Called for direct election senators, state initiatives, recalls, referendums, women’s suffrage, end child labor

A nasty campaign Egotist! Demagogue! Puzzlewit! Fathead!

Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of New Jersey, sat back and waited to pick up the pieces supporter of small business and free market, he felt all business monopolies were “bad”