Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, 2010-2011 (Saed Dababneh). 1 Radioactivity HW 7 How can the element 106 (seaborgium) in general.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Accelerator Physics, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh).
Advertisements

Radiation Physics PHY471 A.M. El-Khayatt A. M. El-Khayatt, PHY464 Autumn 2014 Radiological physics is the science of ionizing radiation and its interaction.
Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics.
My Chapter 29 Lecture.
The structure of nuclei Nuclei are composed of just two types of particles: protons and neutrons. These particles are referred to collectively as nucleons.
Physics 12 Mr. Jean May 23 rd, 2014 The plan: Video clip of the day Radio Activity Decay models Half Life modeling Text book questions Visiting the Relatives.
Nuclear Physics Properties of Nuclei Binding Energy Radioactivity.
Nuclear Physics Selected Topics 2  Radioactivity.
Monday, May 2, go to slide 12.
Half-Life. Decay Rates  The number of particles decaying in a short period of time is proportional to the number of particles.  The decay constant is.
Radioactivity Polonium and radium X-Rays
PH 103 Dr. Cecilia Vogel Lecture 23. Review Outline  Nuclei   decays  Radiation damage  Nuclear physics  exponential decay  decay constant.
Nuclear physics & radioactivity
Radioactivity refresher Radiation Protection of the Environment (Environment Agency Course, July 2015)
Nuclear Chemistry Reactions and properties of nucleus M p n Mass number (number of nucleons) nuclide : nuclear species Isotopes : nuclides of same chemical.
1 Chapter 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Nuclear Structure a)Proton - positive charge - mass x kg ≈ 1 u b) Neutron - discovered.
Objectives To learn the types of radioactive decay
For B.Sc Chemistry (General), Part- I By Dr. Kakoli Banerjee Department of Chemistry.
Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, 1st Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Radiation Sources Heavy nuclei are unstable against spontaneous emission.
1 Nuclear Radiation Natural Radioactivity A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield.
Topic : Nuclear Physics
Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, 1st Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 If t 1/2 is too long, How can we measure N? If t 1/2 is too short,
Ch. 24--Nuclear Chemistry “It’s all about the nucleus!”
Houghton Mifflin Company and G. Hall. All rights reserved. 1 The Nucleus Now, we take a look at the nucleus where the protons and neutrons reside. Breaking.
Radiation Electromagnetic radiation Ionizing radiation –capable of separating molecules into cations and anions –e.g. X-rays Non-ionizing radiation –doesn’t.
Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics Updated: 2010May17 Modern Physics Series 1 INCOMPLETE DRAFT.
Nuclear Reactions.
Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation
1 Radioactivity and Half-Life. 2 Radioactivity An unstable atomic nucleus emits a form of radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) to become stable. In other.
Chapter 2 Some Quantitative Formalities ◎ Introduction ● The scale of nuclear physics and suitable units ◎ The radioactive decay law ● Multimodal decays.
Half-LIFE It’s impossible to know exactly when an unstable atom will decay. We can however predict how many will decay in a period of time. A half-life.
Radioactive Decay Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay. Radioactivity Emission of particles and energy from the nucleus of certain atoms This happens through.
S-145 What is the difference between the terms radioactive and radiation?
Accelerator Physics, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Principles of Spectrometry.
Radioactivity Manos Papadopoulos Nuclear Medicine Department
Nuclear Chemistry.
Nuclear Physics, JU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Radioactivity.
Section 1Nuclear Changes Section 1: What is Radioactivity?
Radioisotopes.
CHEM 312: Lecture 3 Radioactive Decay Kinetics
Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Counting Statistics and Error Prediction Poisson Distribution ( p.
Section 19.1 Radioactivity 1.To learn the types of radioactive decay 2.To learn to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay 3.To learn how one element.
Accelerator Physics, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Electron pick-up. ~1/E What about fission fragments????? Bragg curve stochastic energy.
 A radioisotope is a radioactive isotope of an element.  Ex: A natural radioisotope of Uranium-238 is Uranium-235  Radioisotopes are constantly decaying.
Radioactive Decay A series of reactions that starts with an unstable nucleus and results in a stable nucleus Transmutation- the conversion of one element.
Detecting Radiation  A Geiger counter is the most familiar tool for detecting radiation.  The probe of this device contains argon gas. When radiation.
Radioactivity Decay Constant Activity Exponential decay By Hannah I. Terhorst.
 Activity is the number of decays per second.  It is measured in Becquerels (Bq).  1 Curie (Ci) = 3.7 x Bq.  Everything emits some kind of radiation.
P4: Radiation for Life Lesson 9: What is Radioactivity (part 1)
Ch. 25 Nuclear Changes Begins on p. 35 of your PACKET.
Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous
O Level Physics Chapter :24: Radiation and Half Life Prepared By: Shakil Raiman.
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, (Saed Dababneh) Nuclear and Radiation Physics Why nuclear physics? Why radiation.
Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, 1st Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Radioactive decay is a random process. Fluctuations. Characterization.
Chapter 29:Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity AP Physics Chapter 30.
1 Cost Room Availability Passive Shielding Detector spheres for accelerators Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh).
IB Physics 12 Mr. Jean January 15th, 2014.
The Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics Part one BME College Sherman sheen The Physics of Radiology.
Chapter What is a nuclear reaction? 2. What are nucleons? Nuclides? Radionuclides? Radioisotopes? 3. What are the three main types of radiation?
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh) Nuclear and Radiation Physics Before we start, let us tackle.
Section 19.1 Radioactivity TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQ.: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND HOW ARE THESE REPRESENTED IN A NUCLEAR.
 What are the limitations of relative age dating?  What do you think Absolute age dating is?
5.3.3 Radioactivity.
22.2 Radioactive decay Radioactive decay and its random nature Why do radioactive substances emit nuclear radiation? This process is called radioactive.
Nuclear Stability and Decay 1500 different nuclei are known. Only 264 are stable and do not decay. The stability of a nucleus depends on its neutron-to-
Radioactivity – Outcomes  Describe the experimental evidence for there being three types of radiation.  Discuss the nature and properties of each type.
Nuclear Physics Chapter 29.
Radioactivity HW 1 How can the element 106 (seaborgium) in general be produced? What makes 14C famous? What is the medical importance of 18F? Comment on.
Presentation transcript:

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Radioactivity HW 7 How can the element 106 (seaborgium) in general be produced? What makes 14 C famous? What is the medical importance of 18 F? Comment on 152 Dy. How can its gamma decay be measured?

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 2 Radioactivity ≡ decay constant. It does not change with time, and does not depend (to a good approximation) on any environmental factors. (It does in extreme cosmic conditions. How?). Compare to human life time!!! HW 8

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 3 Show that the mean lifetime. N is difficult to measure. Instead, measure  N ≡ number of decays between t and t +  t :  t <<  (i.e. << t 1/2 ) If  t <<  (i.e. << t 1/2 ) then show that and thus defining the activity A(t ): RadioactivitySlope=?!!!!!!!!!! Be careful. Krane Ch 6 HW 9

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 4 Radioactivity HW 10 Krane Problem 6.1

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 5 Radioactivity Activity measured in units of becquerel (Bq) = 1 decay/s. 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7 x Bq. Activity is not dose!!!!! Isotope 1 (initial number N 0 ) decays into “stable” isotope 2: In order to measure using the exponential decay curve:  The half-life should be not too long; we need to see the sample decaying!!! Actually we can use provided this information is available.  The half-life should be not too short; we need to do a series of measurements!! But there are other alternatives!!  1 should not be produced, 2 should not be radioactive. Krane 7.8

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 6 Radioactivity Exponential decay of species 1 and exponential growth of species 2.

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 7 Radioactivity

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 8 Radioactivity 847 keV 1811 keV 56 Mn In order to measure t 1/2 when it is not too long and not too short compared to practical experimental time, use the exponential decay curve. Are they in cascade? Coincidence summing!! Which line to measure?

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 9 If t 1/2 is too long, How can we measure N? If t 1/2 is too short, multiscaling or coincidences or Doppler or..! Multiscaling Multiscaling, dwell time, accept logic pulses, register number of logic pulses during dwell time in successive channels  decay curve. If t 1/2 is less than 1 ms, need high activity, detector and electronics maximum count rate!! say 10 5 /s, dwell time 1 ms, maximum counts per channel = 100  bad statistics!! Coincidences….. Doppler……. Doppler……. Radioactivity HW 11 Specific activity. Project 3

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 10 RadioactivityTAC TAC

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 11 Radioactivity If parent nucleus decays by two modes: Derive.

Radiation Detection and Measurement, JU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 12 Radioactivity two If we measure gross activity for a sample containing two isotopes. Better, and if possible, measure each isotope separately using its signatures with suitable spectroscopic techniques. We will encounter such techniques later in this course.