The Age of Industrialization 1. The Rise of Heavy Industry 2. Railroading 3. Invention and Technology 4. The “Robber Barons” 5. Horatio Alger and the Myth of the Self- Made Man 6. 19th Century Women
Pittsburgh at night
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
1. New Articles of Production
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization 5. New Sources of Power
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization 5. New Sources of Power 6. Transportation improvements
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization 5. New Sources of Power 6. Transportation improvements 7. Improved Communications
The Rise of the Railroads
The Transcontinental Railroad 1869
Union Pacific- East to West
The Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Union Pacific- East to West Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why?
The Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Union Pacific- East to West Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why? Had to go through Rocky Mountains!
The Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Union Pacific- East to West Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why? Had to go through Rocky Mountains! Met at Prometory Point, Utah, May 1869
Jay Gould
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John D. Rockefeller
J. Pierpont Morgan
Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.
Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill
Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself.
Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself. Moved into steel industry
Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself. Moved into steel industry First to use the “Bessemer Process”
Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889)
Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism
Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism Concerned about proper uses of wealth
Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism Concerned about proper uses of wealth Best method is to distribute it while alive!
Horatio Alger Wrote “rags to riches” novels about young men who persevered and rose up from poverty.
Horatio Alger
Industrial Heirarchy
Native -Born White Protestant males
Industrial Heirarchy Native -Born White Protestant males Skilled Northern European Immigrants
Industrial Heirarchy Native -Born White Protestant males Skilled Northern European Immigrants New Immigrants from Southern and Central Europe with no skills
Industrial Heirarchy Native -Born White Protestant males Skilled Northern European Immigrants New Immigrants from Southern and Central Europe with no skills Women in general
Industrial Heirarchy Native -Born White Protestant males Skilled Northern European Immigrants New Immigrants from Southern and Central Europe with no skills Women in general African-Americans
Working Class Women
Problems of Industrialization
Poor Working Conditions
Slum Housing
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work No “safety net.”
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work No “safety net.” Management reluctance to recognize.
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work No “safety net.” Management reluctance to recognize. Government siding with management.
Early Labor Unions Knights of Labor- Terrence Powderly Cooperative labor where workers would own the means of production. 8 hour work day Open to all producers- regardless of gender, color, or skill level.
Early Labor Unions American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers Skilled laborers only (craft unions) Interested in “bread and butter” issues like shorter hours, better pay. Women were excluded.
Early Labor Unions International Lady Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)- first labor union exclusively for female workers. However, most leadership positions were taken by males.
Why Labor Unions Failed
Management desire to kill unions.
Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership.
Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs).
Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs). Cultural and language barriers
Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs). Cultural and language barriers Blacklisting
Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs). Cultural and language barriers Blacklisting Military and Police action against unions.