Do you think that homosexual people should have the right to marry? Warm Up: Do you think that homosexual people should have the right to marry?

Chapter 18 Section 1

Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954 NAACP Legal Defense Fund created (1940) - Thurgood Marshall - the legal arm of the civil rights movement Ban against discrimination in defense industries (1941) Founding of Congress of Racial Equality (1942) - Dedicated to nonviolent protest Integration of baseball by Jackie Robinson (1947) Executive Order 9981 (1948) - Desegregated the armed forces

Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 Ruled that schools could no longer be segregated Violated constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law Overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson (1896)

Watch Eyes on The Prize Episode 1

Warm Up: What problems existed with the Supreme Court ruling Brown vs. Board of Education? How were these problems overcome?

Chapter 18 Section 2

Civil Rights Tactics based on those use by Mohandas Gandhi Non-Violence Use of non-violence exposed injustice, forced change

Civil Rights Strategies Sit-ins- people began ordering an segregated restaurants and refusing to leave Freedom Rides - African American bus riders would go to white only facilities in bus routes through out the South Integration – African American students would attend white only schools Boycotts Marches Voter Registration

Watch Eyes on the Prize Episode 3

The Albany Movement Late 1961, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Began a sit-in at Albany, Georgia bus station - 500 protesters arrested MLK invited to lead more demonstrations - Brought national attention Arrested for leading march on city hall - Refused to pay fine Vowed to remain in jail until city desegregated City officials refused to negotiate while King was in town In Aug. 1962, King called off demonstrations

The Birmingham Campaign King focused on desegregating Birmingham, Alabama Began in April 1963 Sit-ins and marches Protesters, including King, arrested

Read: Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Warm Up: Review: Letter from a Birmingham Jail Why did Dr. King become involved in the protest in Birmingham? Why does Dr. King promote the use of what he calls “direct action” in Birmingham? What does Dr. King say in response to those who say that the movement to end segregation should wait? How does Dr. King justify the fact that those participating in this non-violent campaign are breaking the law? What, according to Dr. King, is the difference between a just law and an unjust law?

The Birmingham Campaign Fewer adults willing to risk losing jobs by going to jail SCLC encouraged using children to protest May 2, 1963 children aged 6-18 began to protest - 900 arrested and jailed Starting May 3rd, 1963 police and firefighters violently broke up student demonstrations - TV cameras recorded the violence

The Birmingham Campaign Federal negotiators succeeded in getting city officials to agree to King’s demands “most magnificent victory for justice we’ve seen in the Deep South” Many white people in Birmingham resisted King’s motel and home of his brother were bombed President Kennedy ordered federal troops to restore order

March on Washington Aug. 1963 200,000 people attend rally at National Mall Largest civil rights demonstration in U.S.

Watch I Have a Dream Speech

Chapter 18 Section 3

Major Civil Rights Reforms Civil Rights Act of 1957 Gave federal government authority to enforce civil rights laws Executive Order 11063 (1962) Banned racial & religious discrimination in housing built or purchased with federal aid 24th Amendment 1962 Banned poll tax

Major Civil Rights Reforms Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned discrimination in employment Banned discrimination in public accommodations Voting Rights Act of 1965 Literacy tests, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black voting are made illegal. Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act) Banned discrimination in the sale or renting of housing

Did the Civil Rights Movement create equality for African Americans?

Chapter 18 Section 4

Problems de jure segregation – segregation by law de facto segregation - segregation that occurs through customs and practice de jure segregation existed in the South de facto segregation existed throughout the nation

Conditions outside the South Most northern blacks lived in cities Faced discrimination: Housing - All black neighborhoods Banks Inability to buy and improve property Urban decay Jobs - High unemployment and poverty

Urban Unrest Frustration over poor conditions led to violence outside the South Watts Riots (1965) - 3,000 arrested - 34 killed - Entire city blocks destroyed

Civil Rights Movement goes North SCLC focused on Chicago in 1966 - Chicago’s black community focused on economic not civil rights issues Chicago police refused to use force - MLK found no media attention Moved protest to white neighborhoods - Residents threw rocks and bottles at marchers - Police protected marchers Protest backfired, whites who criticized racism in South did not want to see it exposed in the North

Black Power Stokely Carmichael became leader of SNCC Rejected philosophy of non-violence Called for Black Power - African Americans had to depend on themselves to solve problems

The Black Panthers Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland CA Rejected non-violence Only way to liberate blacks was through violent revolution Members began to carry guns and monitor neighborhoods to guard against police brutality

Black Panther Party

Black Muslims Nation of Islam founded in 1930 Led by Elijah Muhammad Members called Black Muslims Preached black nationalism, self discipline & self reliance By 1960s, 65,000 followers Some Black Muslims took the last name “X” to represent lost African identity

Malcolm X Preached message of hope, defiance & black pride Critical of MLK & non-violence - “revolutions overturn systems” Made the Hajj in 1964 - Returned a changed man - Began to call for racial harmony Assassinated by Black Muslims who considered him a traitor in 1965

Assassination of King Was in Memphis speaking on behalf of black sanitation workers Faced discrimination in hiring and pay Assassinated at motel the day after leading a rally April 4, 1968 James Earl Ray Riots erupted in 120 cities across nation - Lasted 3 weeks - 46 dead, 2,600 injured, 21,000 arrested

Warm Up: Compare the philosophies of MLK Jr. and the Black Power movement.

Chapter 18 Section 5

Equal Rights Movements Poor People’s Campaign 1968 Organized following the assassination of MLK Focus on poor instead of African Americans - Lacked leadership Congress linked movement to Communism Beginning of decline of the Civil Rights movement

Decline of Black Power FBI began to monitor Black Power groups Believed they had ties to Communism Led raids, that resulted in conflicts Many leaders were killed or arrested

Results of the Civil Rights Movement Bussing – campaign to integrate schools. Students transported from their neighborhoods to other parts of the city Led to violent protest across the country Mass movement of whites to the suburbs

Results of the Civil Rights Movement Affirmative Action Preference to minority and women in hiring and college admission

Equal Rights Movements In addition to the Civil Rights movement Feminist Movement Betty Freidan- The Feminine Mystique described lack of fulfillment in women's life NOW- National organization for Women Equal job and education opportunity, Equal pay Title IX 1972 - Prohibits gender discrimination in all areas of higher education, including athletics

Equal Rights Movements Migrant Farm Workers Low wages, no job contracts UFW- United Farm Workers, founded by Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta Strikes and Boycotts Today UFW workers enjoy better pay, medical benefits and paid vacations

Equal Rights Native Americans Faced poverty, reservations lacked good schools, transportation and jobs Many had poor soil for farming

Equal Rights Native Americans AIM- American Indian Movement in 1968 Won more control of their reservations Wanted government to return land that had been taken unfairly In Maine, government paid $25 billion for land that was unfairly taken