Classic period (V-IV centuries BC.) of antique Philosophy Department of Philosophy and Psyhology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko For all specialities

Lection’s plan Classic period of antique Philosophy (V-IV centuries BC.) 2  Sophists (sophists – sage, master, an expert) are the first professional philosophers.  Socratic method  The philosophy of Plato (Aristocles)  The philosophy of Aristotle  Features of the classical period

Requirements for knowledge and skills 3 Knowledge  Issues of the philosophy of classical period  Philosophical tendencies in classical period  Authors and terminology of antique philosophy  Specificity of the philosophical schools of antiquity Skills  To be able to orient in a huge variety of opinions, beliefs and values  Be able to identify the similarities and differences of philosophical concepts of antiquity  Be able to identify tendencies in the cultural dialogue between East and West

Themes for knowledge recovery 4 To prepare for the theme “Classic period (V-IV centuries BC) ancient philosophy” must be repeated themes: ■ Philosophy and its role in human life and society. ■ The origin of philosophical thought (ancient India and ancient Chinese philosophy) ■ The problem of being in early ancient philosophy.

Contents Classic period of ancient philosophy 5 1.Main concepts 2.Academic material 3.Questions for self-examination 4.Recommended books

Main concepts Classic period of ancient philosophy 6  The school of Athens  Sophists  Maieutic  Triad  Ideas  Peripatetic school  Matter  Form  Metaphysics  Logic  Mind  God

Academic material Features of the classical period 7 Socrates, Plato, Aristotle are the greatest ancient Greek philosophers. Athens is the center of classical philosophy. The School of Athens is the sum of the theories of the classics The peculiarity of the classical period that offset the problems of natural philosophical issues to issues of anthropological and epistemological nature.

Features sophistry:  A critical attitude to reality.  The rejection of the experience of past civilizations.  The rejection of the old norms, laws and customs.  Subjectivity in assessments and judgments  Following the logic of practice and in the process of knowledge Sophists:  Enlightenment is the ancient Greek Sophists, who taught for money “wisdom and oratory”.  Protagoras, Hippias and others are members of sophistry. Academic material Sophistry 8

Expressions of sophists «There are two diametrically opposed views about everything» - sophists were taught. “Of the views you can select one that will require, the criterion of truth is in the man”. «Human is the measure of all things» (Protagoras) Academic material Comparative characteristics of the philosophy of Socrates and the sophists 9 Socrates ( years BC) Socrates led talks and discussions with students and opponents. Socrates first made the subject of analysis of the concept, not reality itself. The Socratic method (“maieutic”) is a skilful guidance of questions in order to achieve the responses which help the truth is born One of the main philosophical problems of Socrates is self-knowledge (“Know yourself”)

Academic material Plato (Aristocles) ( years BC) 10 Philosophical school– Academy in Athens. The main genre is dialogue (“Sophist”, “Parmenides”, “Theaetetus”, “State” (Socrates is the main person in the dialogue). The doctrine of the Triad. Everything that exists is composed of three substances – “single”, “mind” and “soul”. Plato is a founder of idealistic philosophy. He said that there are eternal values of life and principles of morality, comprehensible (understandable) by mind. There is a world of “being” objectively. It is the “world of ideas”. It is eternal. It can not be created. The real world is the world of consciousness, the world of ideas. The idea is kind of sample, the thought. Ideas have prototypes of all things. They have a primary. They are independent of human and things.

Рисунок Epistemology Explore the world of ideas is possible not through sensation, but through a system of concepts that are tested by logic. We know “the beauty in itself”, “justice in itself” by mind, by means of dialectics, by building the system of concepts according to the principle of logic. We can justify the essence of being, the rules of morality not by intuition, but by means of the mind. Academic material Plato’s theory of knowledge 11

Рисунок Aristotle founded the Lyceum in Athens. Methods of teaching Aristotle called Peripatetic. Greek world “Peripateticos” means “walk about”, “promenade” because teaching was often conducted during walks. Books of Aristotle : «Organon», «Metaphysics», «Physics», «Politics», «Nicomachean Ethics» and so on. Ideas are the cause of things, but the ideas have to be in the things themselves, and not in another “world of ideas” («Plato is my friend, but the truth is more valuable») Academic material Aristotle ( years BC) 12

Рисунок Theory All things are composed of two elements – the “Form” and “Matter”.«Matter» - is a passive possibility. “Form” is the active principle, the reality. Aristotle created a philosophical system of scientific disciplines. Theoretical disciplines: (mathematics, physics, psychology. Practical disciplines: ethics. Creative disciplines: technics, esthetics) Academic material Aristotle ( years BC) 13

Academic material Main ideas in theory of Aristotle. 14 «Metaphysics» - is the science of the intelligible. It’s about what is beyond our experience, what is “after physics”. Metaphysics is “first philosophy”. Total known through inductive generalization of the sensible world. The doctrine of the categories. The concepts can be summarized in one common way. The main categories are: «essence» (being), «quality», «quantity», «ratio», «site», «time», «act», «suffering», «possession», «condition». The science of the principles of thought (Logic). Logic associated with the theory of being, with the theory of truth. There are forms of being in the logical truths.

Academic material Main ideas of Aristotle's theory 15 Theory about matter and form. Theory about soul. Human, plant and animal have a soul. The ability of growth, nutrition and reproduction is at the soul of plant. Animal soul has a feeling. The soul of human is the rational soul. People can live in a group. The human is a “social animal”. The mind does not depend on the body. It is eternal and unchanging, active mind. God is a moral model. God is “thinking himself thinking”.

Academic material The Aristotle's heritage 16 He systemized and generalized philosophical knowledge, accumulated by IV centuries BC. He developed the basic structure of philosophical knowledge, rut into circulation many categories. He began of the existence of formal logic and physics as a separate subjects. He developed the theoretical foundations of ethics, aesthetics, social philosophy. He developed a Geocentric system. Together with the theory of Plato Aristotle was the legacy of the philosophy of Christianity.

Acquired knowledge 17  Features of the classical period of ancient philosophy.  Schools, tendencies, famous philosophers of this period.  The essence of sophistry.  The philosophy of Socrates and feature of his method.  The main genre of the Plato’s books. The essence of objective idealism of Plato’s theory. Plato’s theory of knowledge.  Plato’s theory of State.  Aristotle. Peripatetic school. Theory of four causes. Theory of matter and form.  Classification of the sciences in Aristotle’s theory. Aristotle’s theory of State.

Questions for self-examination 18  What are the main features of the classical ancient philosophy?  What are the main philosophical schools of classical period?  What was the purpose of philosophical reasoning of Socrates?  What is the objective idealist theory of Plato?  What is the essence of things, according Aristotle’s theory?  What is the conceptual difference between the early period and classical period of ancient philosophy?

Recommended books 19 1.Philosophy: Textbook for higher education/edited by V.N. Lavrinenko. – М., Anthology of philosophical thought. – М., Asmus V.F. Antique Philosophy. – М., Ilyin V. The history of philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – St. Petersburg, Karatiny R. Introduction to Philosophy. – М., Kirilenko G.G., Shevtsov Е.V., Short philosophical dictionary. – М., Losev А.F. The history of ancient philosophy in a synoptic presentation. – М., The fragments of the early Greek Philosophers. – М., – P.1

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