PLATO (428-348 BCE) A student of Socrates, and one of the most influential rationalist philosophers Rationalism? The belief that reasoning is the best.

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Presentation transcript:

PLATO (428-348 BCE) A student of Socrates, and one of the most influential rationalist philosophers Rationalism? The belief that reasoning is the best way to get knowledge, it’s better than experience & SP The word “academy” comes from the name of the school Plato ran What did he say about knowledge & WOKs?

Our sense perception does not give us access to the “real” reality… REASON & INTUITION do that. “We are twice armed if we have faith.” Plato’s key idea is that there are TWO WORLDS: * one is our ordinary material world (which we know through our senses) – ever-changing and imperfect, the world of our body/mind self * the other one is the world of “Ideal Forms” - the “real reality” - unchanging & perfect, where our soul exists already, but which our body& mind strive to access & understand…through intuition, faith & reason Our souls belong to the world of ideal forms and that’s why humans crave to understand that “real reality.” But relying too much on sense perception & experience is unreliable & distracting.

Examples of Plato’s two-worlds view: The excitement of LOVE is aimed not at the person we love, but the real goal of love is to get to know eternal real LOVE & BEAUTY… hence platonic love is the true love. The best illustration of Plato’s two-worlds view is his Allegory of the Cave, in which he compares people to prisoners in a cave, whose only “reality” is seeing the shadows of the real world: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTWwY8Ok5I0

ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE) A student of Plato & one of the most influential thinkers of all times, supporter of empiricism – experience is the basis of knowledge! “Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is the truth” Invented many disciplines and terms still used today - ethics, physics, psychology, zoology, logic, etc. “All men by nature desire to know” Tutor to Alexander the Great We should keep our feet on the ground…trust our senses.

The true essence of a thing is its form and function; the real point of everything is what it does, what it is for… In ethics, Aristotle developed the doctrine of the “golden mean” – moderation in all things – similar to the “Middle Way” in Buddhism – the way to achieve happiness & balance He was so influential for the next 2000 years, that all modern scientists & thinkers had to start by challenging his authority. For example – his geocentric theory was challenged by Galileo in 1600s, his idea that everything consisted of 4 elements (earth, water, air, fire) was challenged by 17th century chemistry (Boyle).