ACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE What is Paraphrase? Definition para·phrase (par′ə frāz′) noun: a rewording of something spoken or written, usually for the purpose of making its meaning clearer the use of this as a literary or teaching device an approximate rendering of a quotation, saying, etc. whose exact words cannot be cited or recalled Source: 1

a restatement the same or different length as original written with different words often reorganized faithful to the author’s intended meaning reader-friendly A paraphrase is… 2

Why is paraphrase necessary? A.As a learning strategy B. To demonstrate understanding of the source text … 3

C. To avoid academic dishonesty 4

Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty in which an individual submits or presents the work of another person as his or her own. Scholarship quite properly rests upon examining and referring to the thoughts and writings of others. However, when excerpts are used in paragraphs or essays, the author must be acknowledged using an accepted format for the underlying discipline. Footnotes, endnotes, references and bibliographies must be complete. 5

Shi: close paraphrase and total paraphrase “reformulating syntax or changing wording of the original text’’ ‘‘no trace of direct borrowing of two or three consecutive words from source texts’’. Shi, L. (2004) Written Communication 6

Ultimate goals? Beyond the concerns about plagiarism... growth in language competence increased understanding of - complex academic texts - new/unfamiliar concepts movement towards - synthesis of information - practical skills building - application of appropriate citing practices 7

How can students prepare for paraphrase? Read extensively (Frodesen, 2002 ) Increase general knowledge base Develop general & academic vocabulary Learn and practice micro-skills of using sources (Pecorari, 1998) - quoting, citing, paraphrasing, using reporting verbs 8

How to paraphrase When paraphrasing, there are some basic steps to follow: 1.Underline. 2.Highlight. 3.Rephrase. 4.Review. 9

How to paraphrase (cont’d.) 5. Keep the meaning. 6. Re-structure. 7. Provide synonyms. 8. Always cite. 10

A Sequence of Paraphrase Tasks Phase 1: Deconstructing the text A. Looking at the source B. Looking at main idea and support information 11

A Sequence of Paraphrase tasks, cont’d 12 Phase 2: Citing conventions A. Identify purpose B. Focus on reporting verbs

A sequence of paraphrasing tasks, cont’d Phase 3: Vocabulary: synonyms & substitutes A.Identify technical terms B.Underline key words or phrases C. Find synonyms/substitute words 13

A Sequence of Paraphrasing tasks, cont’d Phase 3: Vocabulary: word families VerbNounAdjectiveAdverb acknowledge -- assignment 14

A sequence of paraphrasing tasks, cont’d Phase 4 : Guided rewriting: changing sentence structure Original: Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty in which an individual submits or presents the work of another person as his or her own. (has committed) Rewritten: When someone submits or presents the work of another as their own s/he has committed plagiarism. 15

Conclusion : push & pull? Push: NO CHOICE - Avoid the risks of plagiarism Pull: COMPELLING REASONS - Build reading and writing skills - Expand critical thinking/ability to synthesize - Develop voice as a writer - Participate in academic community 16