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Announcements Plagiarism certificate due next week, without fail (learn.unm.edu). APA homework due next week – group project (learn.unm.edu). CITI training (learn.unm.edu) and ILL article request ( ) due the following week. Before you can see the APA assignment on learn.unm, you must sign up for a group. Even if you are not uploading the file for the group, you MUST sign up for a group to get a grade for this assignment.

Questions, comments, or quandaries?

Today’s Topic: IRBs & APA Refresher

Institutional Review Board: IRB Human subjects research oversight Federal requirement for universities accepting federal grant funds. “Ethics” boards common internationally

Why IRBs? WWWII Nuremberg Military Tribunal - Nuremberg Code NIH's Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects (1966) May 30, 1974, NIH’s policies attain regulatory status September 30, 1978 – the Belmont Report

Whole group discussion questions Any surprises in the assigned Nature paper? Why do you think this happens? What does this say about research ethics? What dilemmas do you see in conducting research? Are researchers just bad people?

Plagiarism vs. Inadequate Citation

Plagiarism An assignment which contains text or work taken from another source in whole or part (i.e. a web site, another student’s previous assignment, an article or textbook) without any acknowledgement of the original source.

Inadequate Citation Failure to indicate direct quotations correctly or inadequate paraphrasing.

What’s the big deal? Everyone does it, don’t be such a stickler over details… It’s morally wrong and if you do it, you’re a PLAGIARIST!!!!!!

IMPORTANT POINT!!!! EVERY TIME you use information from another source you must indicate where you got your information with the author’s last name and year of publication.

Example #1: Involving stakeholders in the design and implementation of an evaluation can (a) influence the extent to which evaluation results are used and considered relevant by stakeholders (Welsh & Metcalf, 2003), (b) make an evaluation more responsive to the different perspectives and needs of the various participants (Torres & Preskill, 1998), and (c) help stakeholders become more sophisticated consumers of, and participants in, program evaluations (Coghlan, Preskill, & Catsambas, 2003).

Example #2: Commins and Miramontes (1989) carried out one of the few studies that has examined the actual language performance of students who have been identified as semilingual. Their results indicated that… They additionally reported that…

It must be clear at all times: 1.What are your own independent ideas. 2.What is your own interpretation of someone else’s work. 3.What is a summary or a paraphrase of someone else’s work. 4.What is a direct quote from someone else’s work. 5.What is “common knowledge.”

Your interpretation of someone else’s work: Examples: I understand Foucault to be arguing that… Foucault’s theory could be applied to this context…

Paraphrasing An adequate paraphrase is a re- statement of the main ideas of some text, in your own words and using your own sentence structure. REMEMBER! You still have to indicate your source with the author’s last name and year of publication.

Helpful Hint To avoid inadequate paraphrases, read a section of text until you feel you understand what the author is trying to say. Then, shut the book or turn the paper over and pretend that you are talking with a classmate. Start by saying “What this author really means to say is…” Explain the idea in REAL (not academic) English.

Paraphrasing activity: 1.With a partner, chose a short passage from one of the provided texts. 2.Read and re-read the passage until you feel that you have a good grasp of the main ideas. Take notes as needed. 3.Paraphrase the information, in your own words and using you own sentence structure. 4.Compare your paraphrase with that of your partner.

Direct Quotes If you want to copy, word-for-word, something that was written somewhere else, you must: 1.Copy it exactly as in the original text. 2.Indicate any deleted text from the middle of the quote with three dots (…). 3.Enclose the quoted text in “quotation marks” if less than 40 words. If more, then block indent. 4.Indicate the author’s last name, year of publication AND page number where you found the quote. NOTE: The author’s name, publication date, and page number must immediately precede or follow the quote.

Questions about quotes?

Frequent mistakes with quotes: Forgetting quotation marks at beginning and end of quote. Putting the citation inside of the quotation marks or after the sentence final punctuation. Putting … at the beginning or the end of the quote. Changing the verb tenses to fit your sentence structure.

Quick Write Do you think it’s important to learn to use APA correctly? Why or why not? How might this relate to our previous discussion about research ethics?

1. What kind of a reference is it? Journal article Authored book Edited book Chapter of edited book How did you know???

2. How to find the pattern Journal article Authored book Edited book Chapter of edited book

3. Sentence structure Kozulin, A. (1990). Vygotsky's psychology: A biography of ideas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1.Author 2.Publication date 3.Title 4.Publisher information

3. Sentence structure Gillen, J. (2000). Versions of Vygotsky. British Journal of Educational Studies, 48(2), Author 2.Publication date 3.Title 4.Publication information

Let’s try some examples Look through the sample reference list handout. 1.Identify examples of several different types of references. 2.Identify the “sentences” within each type of reference. 3.Identify a pattern for what must go within each sentence for each type of reference.

Details to pay attention to: Number of spaces: No more than one space between elements of a reference. One space between an author’s initials. No space between volume and year. Capitalization: Journal title ONLY Commas: make sure they aren’t missing in the AUTHOR element. Italics: Book or journal title, and journal volume (not issue #).

5. Reference page extras Page break Margins Page heading Paragraph spacing Text alignment & indentation

APA Homework Time to team up!

Looking ahead… Topic: Defining research and exploring the paradigm wars Read: Jigsaw in small groups the 3 sets of readings from LD Quarterly

Please take a minute for the minute paper. And don’t forget to turn your phone back on.