10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective David Scott-Maxwell Technical Director, Forge Europa 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective Introduction: What lessons from the past will help us in the future? David Scott-Maxwell technical director of Forge Europa, takes a detailed look back at some of the key technological developments in LED and explains how they should be used to influence today’s design and manufacture.

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective Introduction: What lessons from the past will help us in the future? David Scott-Maxwell technical director of Forge Europa, takes a detailed look back at some of the key technological developments in LED and explains how they should be used to influence today’s design and manufacture. A brief history of LEDs - from scratch Time travel – we’ll zip back to c2003 What’s happened in 10 years – and what wisdom can we gain with hindsight?

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric c First mass produced LEDs, Monsanto / Hewlett Packard

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric c First mass produced LEDs, Monsanto / Hewlett Packard c1970s - T1, T13/4 LEDs mass produced

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric c First mass produced LEDs, Monsanto / Hewlett Packard c1970s - T1, T13/4 LEDs mass produced c First blue GaN LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric c First mass produced LEDs, Monsanto / Hewlett Packard c1970s - T1, T13/4 LEDs mass produced c First blue GaN LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia c First white LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric c First mass produced LEDs, Monsanto / Hewlett Packard c1970s - T1, T13/4 LEDs mass produced c First blue GaN LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia c First white LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia c First ~1W+ ‘Lighting Class’ LEDs, Lumileds / Cree

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective LED History – from scratch: c Electroluminescence in SiC, HJ Round / Marconi c First Light Emitting Diode, O Losev / NRL c First LED patent (IR), J Biard, G Pittman / Texas Instruments c First practical LED (red), N Holonyak / General Electric c First mass produced LEDs, Monsanto / Hewlett Packard c1970s - T1, T13/4 LEDs mass produced c First blue GaN LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia c First white LEDs, S Nakamura / Nichia c First ~1W+ ‘Lighting Class’ LEDs, Lumileds / Cree c In ~10years LED efficiencies rise ~tenfold

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The Outlook in 2003:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The Outlook in 2003:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The Outlook in 2003:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The Outlook in 2003:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W c2010 white LEDs in the lab ~250lm/W

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W c2010 white LEDs in the lab ~250lm/W Where’s it all going to end?

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W c2010 white LEDs in the lab ~250lm/W Where’s it all going to end?

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W c2010 white LEDs in the lab ~250lm/W Where’s it all going to end?

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W c2010 white LEDs in the lab ~250lm/W Where’s it all going to end?

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story: c2006 white LEDs in the lab ~100lm/W c2010 white LEDs in the lab ~250lm/W Where’s it all going to end? – About ~300lm/W maybeish…

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story – Lessons from manufacturing:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED Efficacy is still developing rapidly with a long way to go yet:-

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED Efficacy is still developing rapidly with a long way to go yet:- Lighting LEDs are not yet a commodity and won’t be for a long time … no industry standard LED footprints, best LEDs expensive … watch out for rapid obsolescence

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED Efficacy is still developing rapidly with a long way to go yet:- Lighting LEDs are not yet a commodity and won’t be for a long time … no industry standard LED footprints, best LEDs expensive … watch out for rapid obsolescence Manufacturers of LED products must be fast, flexible & adaptive … look out for innovation & react rapidly – eg low/mid/high power … bring new products to market quickly

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Efficacy Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED Efficacy is still developing rapidly with a long way to go yet:- Lighting LEDs are not yet a commodity and won’t be for a long time … no industry standard LED footprints, best LEDs expensive … watch out for rapid obsolescence Manufacturers of LED products must be fast, flexible & adaptive … look out for innovation & react rapidly – eg low/mid/high power … bring new products to market quickly Understand the LED Landscape … know your LEDs - this is increasingly difficult to do!

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story: The Bad Old days…

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story: The Bad Old days… getting better…

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story: The Bad Old days… getting better… … are gone!

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story – Lessons from manufacturing:

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED component lifetime is quite well understood, BUT:-

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED component lifetime is quite well understood, BUT:- There is no substitute for doing your own lifetime testing! … LM80 is lab testing of LED devices only, TM21 is simple extrapolation … LED luminaires warrant thorough life testing

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED component lifetime is quite well understood, BUT:- There is no substitute for doing your own lifetime testing! … LM80 is lab testing of LED devices only, TM21 is simple extrapolation … LED luminaires warrant thorough life testing There are still many LEDs available without lifetime testing … no LM80 no Deal!

10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective The LED Lifetime Story – Lessons from manufacturing: LED component lifetime is quite well understood, BUT:- There is no substitute for doing your own lifetime testing! … LM80 is lab testing of LED devices only, TM21 is simple extrapolation … LED luminaires warrant thorough life testing There are still many LEDs available without lifetime testing … no LM80 no Deal! LED lifetime is not just lumen maintenance … there’s colour shift, silicone degradation … … and then there’s all the non-LED stuff to consider …

Conclusion: 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective

Conclusion: The LED Lighting industry is still in its infancy so the manufacturing outlook is phenomenal… 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective

Conclusion: The LED Lighting industry is still in its infancy so the manufacturing outlook is phenomenal… BUT – the Lighting industry has historically developed extremely slowly so manufacturers need to embrace the change in every way 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective

Conclusion: 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective

Conclusion: 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective

Thank you! David Scott-Maxwell Technical Director, Forge Europa 10 years of lighting-class LEDs: A manufacturer’s perspective