NATIONALISM AROUND THE WORLD 1919-1939

Key Events The Balfour Declaration issued by the British foreign secretary in 1917 turned Palestine, a country with an 80% Muslim population, into a homeland for the Jews. Chiang Kai-shek positioned his Nationalist forces against Mao Zedong’s Communists. Key oil fields were discovered in the Persian Gulf area in 1938.

The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. The conflict over Palestine continues to bring violence and unrest to the region. Today China remains a communist state, and Mao Zedong is remembered as one of the country’s most influential leaders. The Western world is very dependent upon oil from the Middle East.

Essay Questions Your essay questions will come from the reading comprehension sheets I gave you in class. Gandhi South Africa Ottoman Empire

Vocabulary Terms Genocide Reza Shah Pahlavi W.E.B. Dubois Black Dragon Society Chiang Kai-Shek New Life Movement Communists Mahatma Oligarchy Lazaro Cardenas

Armenians Balfour Declaration Marcus Garvey Zaibatsu Mao Zedong Guerrilla Tactics Redistribution of Wealth Good Neighbor Policy Getulio Vargas PEMEX

Nationalism in the middle easT

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire grew weaker  the “sick man of Europe” During WWI, the Ottoman Turks alienated the Allies with their policies toward minorities, especially the Armenians. Armenians wanted independence from Ottoman government. 1915—Armenians staged an uprising.

One million Armenians died 600,000 killed 500,000 deported 400,000 died marching thru deserts & swamps GENOCIDE – THE DELIBERATE MASS MURDER OF A PARTICULAR RACIAL, POLITICAL, OR CULTURAL GROUP. ETHNIC CLEANSING – A MORE MODERN TERM FOR GENOCIDE. ARMENIANS – VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE AT THE HANDS OF THE OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT.

By 1918, another 400,000 Armenians had been massacred. Russia, France, Britain were furious  “against humanity and civilization” Because of the war, the killing continued. Ottoman Empire collapsed at end of WWI. Great Britain and France divided territories Turkey remained under Ottoman control Later Greece took Turkey Declared to be the Turkish Republic.

After successfully establishing the Republic of Turkey, the president (Kemal Ataturk) introduced many reforms, most of which were kept even after his death.

The Beginnings of Modern Iran Known as Persia Qajar Dynasty (1794-1925) unsuccessful in fixing domestic problems Dynasty asked Russia and Great Britain for help in protecting it from its own people, which led to lots of outsiders in Persia Discovery of oil in 1908 attracted more outsiders

Increased foreign outsiders led to a Persian nationalist movement. 1921Reza Khan led a military mutiny and took control of Tehran (the capital) 1925Reza Khan established himself as shah, or king, and was called Reza Shah Pahlavi. REZA SHAH PAHLAVI ESTABLISHED THE MODERN STATE OF IRAN IN 1935.

The Problem of Palestine In Palestine, the nationalism of Jews and Arabs came into conflict because both groups viewed the area as a potential national state Since the 1890s, the Zionist movement pushed for Palestine to become a Jewish state Jews wanted Palestine because ancient Israel was located there Arabs wanted Palestine because their ancestors lived there for centuries Lots of Jews began to migrate to Palestine.

During WWI, Britain issued the BALFOUR DECLARATION – STATED BRITAIN’S INTENTION TO MAKE PALESTINE THE NATIONAL HOME OF THE JEWS. Added that this should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewish people living there Attracted even more Jews to Palestine 1933, the Nazi regime in Germany began policies that later led to the Holocaust During the 1930s, many Jews fled to Palestine Tensions grew, violence between Jews and Muslims flared Britain tried to end violence by declaring the only 75,000 Jews could immigrate to Palestine in the next 5 years; after that, no more. This made matters much worse!

Nationalism in AFRICA AND ASIA Between 1919 and 1939, leaders emerged in Africa and Asia who sought to free their people from the power of the West. While none of these nationalist movements were successful before WWII, they did begin the journey toward independence.

Movements Toward Independence in Africa Black Africans fought in WWI with France and Britain hoping they would win independence after the war Peace settlement after WWI was a disappointment Germany stripped of its African colonies; they were given to Great Britain and France as mandates for the League of Nations. Britain and France now governed most of Africa Black Africans had fought in WWI in British and French armies. Many hoped they would be rewarded with independence after the war.

After WWI, Africans became more politically active and sought reforms New leaders for African independence W.E.B. DuBOIS – LEADER OF A MOVEMENT THAT TRIED TO MAKE ALL AFRICANS AWARE OF THEIR OWN CULTURAL HERITAGE. MARCUS GARVEY – STRESSED THE NEED FOR THE UNITY OF ALL AFRICANS, A MOVEMENT KNOWN AS PAN-AFRICANISM. Calls for independence came from a new generation of young African leaders. Many had been educated abroad, in Europe and the US. Those who had studied in the US were especially influenced by the ideas of WEB DuBois and Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey W.E.B. DuBois

Movement for Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi became active in the movement for Indian self-rule before WWI Became known as MAHATMA – “GREAT SOUL” Organized non-violent mass protests Civil disobedience – refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust 1919 – British troops killed hundreds of unarmed protesters in Amristar Gandhi arrested Spent several years in prison

After release from prison, Gandhi returned to civil disobedience Gandhi’s teachings Wrong to harm any living being Hate can only be overcome by love Love, not force, could win people over to one’s position Totally against violence!! He encouraged Indians to protest by Not paying taxes Not sending their children to English-supported schools Making their own cotton cloth at home Not buying English-made goods Not buying government salt – make salt at home

Britain increased tax on salt, and prohibited Indian people from making or harvesting their own salt In 1930, Gandhi protested the new British taxes and restrictions on salt by walking to the sea on what became known as the SALT MARCH. When he reached the coast he picked up some salt as an act of civil disobedience. Thousands of followers did the same thing. All were later arrested.

The Salt March 241 miles 79 participants March 12 – April 5, 1930

Rise of a Militarist Japan In the early 20th century, Japan’s economy fluorished ZAIBATSU –LARGE FINANCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL FIRMS THAT DEVELOPED INTO VAST COMPANIES THAT CONTROLLED MAJOR SEGMENTS OF THE JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Japanese society developed along a Western model. The economic and social reforms launched during the Meiji Era led to increasing prosperity and the development of a modern industrial and commercial sector.

This concentration of wealth led to economic inequalities City workers poorly paid and housed After WWI, inflation in food prices led to riots Rapid population increases led to food shortages Many people wanted a return to traditional Japanese values and a turn from Western influences They demanded that Japan use its own strength to dominate Asia and meet its needs

Japan and the West Prior to WWI, Japan got needed raw materials and foreign markets by seizing territories like Formosa, Korea, and southern Manchuria. This angered the US because we wanted to keep Asia open for US trade In 1922, the US held a conference of nations with interests in the Pacific Nine-power treaty that recognized the territorial integrity of China and the maintenance of the Open Door policy. Japan accepted this as long as they kept control of southern Manchuria.

Japan tried to follow these rules Soon, though, industry expanded into mining, chemicals, and manufacture of appliances and automobiles This required MORE raw materials not available in Japan Japanese government was pressured to find new sources for raw materials abroad

The Rise of Militarism Militarism in Japan came about when a group within the ruling party was able to gain control of the political system Some of the militants were civilians who were convinced the parliamentary system was corrupted by Western ideas Others were members of the military who were angered by cuts in military spending During the early 1930s, civilians formed extremist Japanese patriotic organizations such as the BLACK DRAGON SOCIETY.

REVOLUTIONARY CHAOS IN CHINA

Nationalists and Communists By 1920, central authority had almost ceased to exist in China. Two political forces began to emerge – Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party In 1923, these two parties (Nationalists and Communists) formed an alliance to oppose the warlords and drive imperialist powers out of China.

Tensions between the parties finally arose. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925. CHIANG KAI-SHEK—leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party after Sun Yat-sen. He pretended to support the alliance between the parties. In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek struck against the Communists and their supporters in Shanghai, killing thousands  SHANGHAI MASSACRE

In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek founded a new Chinese republic. During the next three years, he worked to reunify China. He believed Japan was a serious threat to China, but less dangerous than the Communists. “the Communists are a disease of the heart.”

The Communists In Hiding After the Shanghai Massacre, most Communist leaders went into hiding Some fled to the Jiangxi (jee AHNG SHEE) Province. They were led by a young Communist organizer named MAO ZEDONG (MOW DZUH DOONG) who believed that a Chinese revolution would be driven by the poverty- stricken rural peasants.

Chiang Kai-shek ran the Communists out of Shanghai then turned his attention to Mao’s stronghold in Jiangxi Province Chiang’s forces far outnumbered Mao’s, but Mao made effective use of GUERRILLA TACTICS – using unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge (deceit) to fight the enemy. His slogans When the enemy advances, we retreat! When the enemy halts and camps, we trouble them! When the enemy tries to avoid battle, we attack! When the enemy retreats, we pursue!

The Long March 1934, Chiang’s troops surrounded the Communist base in Jiangxi. Mao Zedong’s army, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), broke through the lines and began its famous Long March. 90,000 troops marched on foot, 6000 miles, through mountains, marshes, deserts Headed to last surviving Communist base in NW of China Troops had to fight all the way; many froze or starved One year later, only 9,000 remaining reached their destination Mao Zedong became the sole leader of the Chinese Communist Party

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek In the meantime, Chiang Kai-shek had been trying to build a new nation with a republican government He established a “New Life Movement” to promote traditional Confucian values while rejecting excessive individualism of Western capitalism He did not push programs that would lead to a redistribution of wealth – the shifting of assets from a rich minority to a poor majority – because he didn’t want to lose the support of the rural landed gentry or the middle class

NATIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA

The Latin American Economy At the beginning of the 20th century, the Latin American economy was based on export of foodstuffs and raw materials. Few countries reaped large profits, but the majority saw small returns.

Role of the United States In the 1920s, the US began to replace Great Britain as the foremost investor in Latin America. This angered many Latin Americans. They were already mad because the US stuck their nose in Latin America’s military business US President Franklin Roosevelt tried to improve relations with the Good Neighbor Policy – rejected the use of US military force in Latin America.

The Move to Authoritarianism Argentina Controlled by an oligarchy – a government where a select group of people e exercises control. Hipolito Irigoyen (ee PAW lee TOH IHR ih GOH YEHN) – Radical Party leader elected president of Argentina in 1916. Brazil Getulio Vargas – ruler of Brazil from 1930 to 1945.

Mexico Lazaro Cardenas – cheered by Mexicans as the president who had stood up to the United States. Institutional Revolutionary Party – controlled major groups within Mexican society, thereby giving it enormous control over the Mexican presidency. Diego Rivera – wanted to create national art that would portray Mexico’s past. PEMEX – Mexican national oil company.