Post World War I India  Indian troops made great contribution to British war effort – expected self-government  Indian National Congress - advancements in numbers of legislators offset by reductions in civil liberties  Rise of Mohandas Gandhi as nationalist leader Support from educated middle class who were base for nationalist cause Support from the peasant classes

 Rival Muslim League founded to represent India’s Muslim minority  Radical Muslim and Hindu factions  The symbolism of the spinning wheel  The Salt March  Gandhi’s political use of hunger strikes  Passive Resistance  Jawaharlal Nehru

Post World War II India  “Quit India” movement 1942  British repression – Gandhi and Nehru arrested  Growing power of Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah – support during war  1947 – India and Pakistan gain independence Huge population displacement due to migrations Atrocities committed by Muslims and Hindus Gandhi assassinated 1948

India after Independence  The military has defended Indian secular democracy from religious extremism and would-be dictators  Large middle-class makes India different from other former Asian and African colonies  India has invited foreign investment allowing it to build on its colonial-era infrastructure  Agricultural output increased under the Green Revolution  Wealth gap remains between poor population and the wealthy upper classes

Post World War I Middle East  Betrayal of Arabs by British and French  Acquisition of Mandates through League of Nations  The Balfour Declaration 1917  The Zionist Movement – Theodor Herzl Jewish nationalism Jewish immigration to Palestine British restriction of Jewish migration Jewish-Palestinian conflict

Iran  Monarchy headed by the Shah established by the British after WWI  Shah pushed modernization and Westernization  The Shah’s defiance of conservative clergy and lack of reforms for poor laid foundation for revolution  1978 – Iranian Revolution establishes theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini Khomeini

 Moderates and leftists were repressed  Promised reforms did not happen  US embassy held hostage until election of Reagan  Annexation of Iranian oil-rich provinces by Iraq resulted in long destructive war ending in 1988  Iranian government still anti-American but bulk of Iranian people pro-American  The Iranian bomb?

Egypt  Strategic location due to Suez Canal  British occupation during war  Widespread discontent with British control  Rioting caused Britain to begin long-term withdrawal  Egypt left in hands of Khedival government  Egyptian elites ruled at expense of Egyptian poor

 1930’s - Free Officers Movement – organization of idealistic reformist Egyptian military officers  1930’s – The Muslim Brotherhood – Islamic reformist group  1952 military coup against khedive by army officers – Gamal Abdul Nasser takes power  First Egyptian rule since 6 th century BC  Egypt run as quasi dictatorship Gamal Abdul Nasser

 Initially relationship with United States and Soviet Union but soon turned to USSR  Advocated Pan-Arabism – established UAR  Domestic mismanagement combined with increase in population made Egypt poor  Aswan Dam  Aid from West dried up  Loss in 1967 Six Day War

 Successor Anwar Sadat  Sadat expelled Russians and encouraged Western ties  Loss in 1973 Yom Kippur War  Peace treaty with Israel  Sadat assassinated by Muslim fundamentalists Anwar Sadat

The Palestinian Question  WWII Holocaust sparked large migration of Jews to Palestine  British resistance to Jewish migration resulted in growing terrorism and formation of Jewish military arm, Haganah  United Nations partitions Palestine between Muslims and Jews  War erupts as Muslim states attack Jews  Israel wins war – created Israel in 1948

Ghana  Nkrumah pushed ambitious modernization programs but many were blocked by rival political parties and ethnic groups  Many of Nkrumah’s policies were socialist – gained support of USSR but scared away Western investment  Ghana dependent on single export crop of cocoa  Nkrumah became increasingly dictatorial  Ghana leader of the Non-Alignment movement  Nkrumah overthrown by military coup in 1972 Kwame Nkrumah Mau

Non-Settler Africa - GhanaSettler Africa - Kenya  First Black African state 1957  Kwame Nkrumah – educated in West  More radical than Ghanan African elites  Used boycotts, rallies, and strikes against British  More political control given to Africans  Peaceful transfer of power to Africans in stages  Substantial numbers of Europeans lived in colony  Whites blocked rise of nationalist movements and concessions on part of Britain  Whites refused reforms or give up lands  Blacks turned to violent revolutionary struggles for independence (Mau Mau)  Moderates like Jomo Kenyatta imprisoned  War with nationalist guerrillas brought Britain to peace table giving Kenyatta presidency over new country

French Algeria  French and Dutch less willing to give up colonies  Large French population in Algeria (1 million+)  Nationalist movement under National Liberation Front (FLN)  Characterized by violence on both sides  Settler backlash caused collapse of French Fourth Republic in 1960

 The Secret Army Organization (OAS) planned assassination of De Gaulle  Algeria granted independence in 1962  900,000 settlers along with thousands of pro- French Arabs and Berbers  Algeria currently undergoing war with Islamist fundamentalists

South Africa  Very large white population  No homeland for Afrikaners (Boers) to fall back on  Society based on white supremacy and segregation (apartheid)  South Africa became independent in 1961 under the control of the white Afrikaner National Party

 Apartheid became law of land in 1948  Vote denied to black Africans and coloreds  Blacks restricted to “homelands,” or “Bantustans” based on tribal groups  Black homelands poverty- stricken – created pool of labor for white businesses  All protests against the state severely repressed by the police and army

 The African National Congress (ANC) was outlawed and leaders (Mandela) jailed or murdered (Biko)  International boycott weakened the economy  Conflicts with guerrillas in Angola and Namibia seemed endless  Afrikaner President F. W. De Klerk began dismantling apartheid system – freed Mandela  Mandela elected president in 1994  Bitterness between whites and blacks remain – inter-tribal conflict between Zulus and Xhosas remains as well

Problems Facing Africa  Population pressures New food crops Better distribution due to railroads and steamships Colonization ended tribal warfare Improved hygiene and infant mortality rates Resistance to birth control measures AIDS epidemic? Malaria epidemic?

 Urbanization Rural poor move to cities that lack jobs Urban poor turn to crime, scavenging, or begging Urban poor a volatile factor in political struggles Lack of urban planning spawns huge slums Increased pollution

 Damaged Ecosystems Deforestation Overgrazing Desertification Poaching

Neocolonialism?  Neocolonialism- the belief that developed nations (West) is politically and economically exploiting lesser developed nations much like they did under colonialism  Little money to industrialize  Main economic activity – selling raw resources or cash crops  Dependence on single export  Loans from World Bank or other states comes with strings attached