The Rise of Nazism Lecture 11 10 April 2012 HIST2133. The Weimar Republic through Documents, 1918-1933.

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The Rise of Nazism Lecture April 2012 HIST2133. The Weimar Republic through Documents,

Adolf Hitler ( ) * 20 April 1889, Braunau am Inn (Austria) 1895 in Linz (Lower Austria) 1903 in Vienna (capital of A-H) 1913 in Munich (Bavaria, Germany) in World War I (Bavarian army) 1919 with DAP in Munich : Member No. 55 (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei = German Workers’ Party)

Common Prejudices vs. Jews Deeply rooted in Christian religion Fears of Jewish world conspiracy + dominance Jews seen as alien elements / parasites / bacillus + enemies to ‘Aryan race’ + hostile to nation’s ‘healthy body’

How Many German Jews lived in Germany in 1933? Ca. 500,000 German Jews (1933) + + an unknown number of people of Jewish descent 65,362,000 million Germans (1933) = 0,77 % Jews

Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei (DAP) German Workers’ Party Tiny right-wing party in Munich, Bavaria, created during post-war period (1919) Twenty-Five Point Program (24 Feb 1920): Combining nationalist, socialist, anti- capitalist, anti-Semitic ideas Hitler increasingly dominating figure with small closed-up circle of staff

NSDAP DAP renamed (1920/1) Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei = National Socialist German Workers’ Party: → Swastika (Hakenkreuz) as party emblem + Völkischer Beobachter (‘Racial Observer’) as major party organ Hitler first chairman (29 Jul 1921 → Strong powers → Major group of supporters: Rosenberg, Hess, Göring, Amann

Mein Kampf (1) Munich Beer Hall Putsch 8/9 Nov 1923: → Hitler’s + Ludendorff’s failed attempt to establishrightist dictatorship in Germany → call for ‘March to Berlin’ from Munich → Hitler & others arrested Hitler sentenced to 5 years in jail but sits only 9 months in Landsberg prison = Book Mein Kampf (‘My struggle’), : The ‘Bible of National Socialism’ = Zweites Buch (‘Second Book’), 1928: Mostly on foreign politics

Mein Kampf (2) ► Four types of states: Voluntary, liberal- democratic, nationalist, racial ► Major concerns of state: race, cleanness of race, modern birth control, sports, army, racial knowledge, patriotism & national pride

Mein Kampf (3) Three types of human beings globally: Founders of civilization (Kulturbegründer): Aryans: Germanics + North Americans Bearers of civilization (Kulturträger): Japanese + Orientals / Asians Destroyers of civilization (Kulturzerstörer): Jews + ‘Gypsies’ + Africans, etc.

Mein Kampf (4) Economic theories: Breaking of interest-slavery (Zinsknechtschaft) National self-sufficiency + Economic independence = Autarchy (Autarkie) National state capitalism

Mein Kampf (5) Jews: In strong contrast to Aryans No own but only borrowed culture Nakedly egoistic + parasites Judaism not religion but race Seek to destroy Germans + Germany Responsible for both Capitalism + Marxism (‘the Modernity’)

Mein Kampf (6) Violently, extremely nationalist text Anti-Marxist, anti-Bolshevist but ‘truly’ socialist Race (Rasse) as guiding principle: Anti-Semitic Darwinist theory of struggle → Social Darwinism (Survival of the fittest) Anti-liberal, anti-parliamentary, anti-Catholic, anti-French Peoples’ community (Volksgemeinschaft) Autarchy & living space (Lebensraum)

NSDAP (1925) ‘New founding’ with Hitler’s come-back (1925) with 3 principles: Putsch replaced by legal tactics to achieve mobilisation of masses Centralised organisation to separate her clearly from other völkisch & nationalist parties + to place SA under Hitler Absolute obedient tool of Führer (leader) Has party dictator

NSDAP typical features Creation of special ‘milieu’ to form party into microcosm of German society → many support organisations for workers, students, artists, intellectuals, farmers, etc. Launching of mass propaganda actions: Young Plan + global economic crisis (1929)