20th Century Chinese History Boxer Rebellion through One Child Policy

Boxer Rebellion “Boxers” – group of Chinese who wanted foreigners OUT!!!!!! In 1900, the Boxers attacked and killed many foreigners So western powers organized an international army This army crushed the Boxers

Boxer Rebellion As a result of this Boxer Rebellion, China was forced to: 1.) allow foreign troops on Chinese soil 2.) allow foreign warships in Chinese water

China Becomes a Republic 1911- Qing dynasty falls China becomes a republic in 1911 Republic- form of govt. where people choose the leaders to represent them

China becomes a Republic Sun Yatsen - “father of modern China” Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang or Kuomintang)

China becomes a Republic Sun Yatsen wrote: “Three Principles of the People” 1.) Nationalism – unify China 2.) Supporting democracy 3.) Livelihood – decent living for all Chinese 1925- Sun Yatsen dies, Chiang Kai-Shek takes over control of Nationalist Party

15.) Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) Country – China Facts- 1.) “father of Modern China” 2.) first president of the Republic of China (ROC) 3.) first leader of Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party)

Problems of the National Party China’s economy was in shambles China resented the “European” look of democracy China had no experience with a representative govt CCP- Chinese Communist Party, formed in 1921

20th Century Chinese History The Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-Shek The Communists were led by Mao Zedong (believed they could gain control by working w/ Nationalists)

20th Century Chinese History In 1927, Nationalists expelled Communists from the Kuomintang, as well as arrested and executed many Communists

The Long March When? 1934 Led by? Mao Zedong Who marched? Communists and several peasants (90,000 Communists went on March, only 7,000 survived)

The Long March Where? 6,000 miles from SE China to NW China

The Long March Why? Mao and Communists fled from the Nationalists Results? - 1937, Japan invades China - Nationalists must go and fight the Japanese - Communists defeated a weakened Nationalist Army

Communism Mao wanted the support of peasants Mao’s armies were disciplined and were peasants

Appeal of Communism Mao promised… Land reform End to imperialism in China China would industrialize

Appeal of Communism Marxism/Maoism Peasants would rise up to defeat rulers Working class would rise up to defeat rulers Karl Marx, author of the Communist Manifesto

China’s Communist Revolution Mao’s Main Goals 1.) Better life for the poor 2.) develop a modern economy 3.) restore China’s position as a world power

But when the communists took over in 1949, it was hard to reach these goals because: China’s huge population had to be fed, clothed, housed, and educated Years of war destroyed industries and farming China’s geography gave limited land for farming

But when the communists took over in 1949, it was hard to reach these goals because: Floods, droughts, and earthquakes ruined farms Lacked technology and money to industrialize China’s isolation put them behind other countries

China’s Communist Revolution Communists wanted to take control of production away from wealthy landowners and give it to the govt. They thought this would end inequality Everyone would be EQUAL

Collective farms (1950s, farm operated and managed by the govt) Ended private ownership of land Peasants shared land, tools, and labor Harvests went to feed the state and the rest went to the govt

Great Leap Forward (1958) Communes – community where all property is held in common, living areas are shared, everything is provided in exchange for work

Great Leap Forward People were supposed to build bridges, dams, irrigation systems, and other projects for a modern China Led to DISASTER!!! Peasants hated the commune system People were guaranteed a paycheck and didn’t work hard GLF ended in the early 1960s

Cultural Revolution (1966) Many people blamed Mao for the problems after the GLF Mao didn’t want people turning against him or against communism, so he launched the “Cultural Revolution”

Red Guards: Students and young factory workers who: Attacked anyone who didn’t support Chairman Mao Forced teachers to confess crimes against Mao Victims were sent to rural fields and worked to death

Little Red Book (Quotations from Chairman Mao) Published from 1964-1976 5- 6 billion copies were produced All Chinese had to carry this book with them

Little Red Book Quotes “At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interests first; he should subordinate them to the interests of the nation and of the masses. Hence, selfishness, slacking, corruption, seeking the limelight, and so on, are most contemptible, while selflessness, working with all one's energy, whole-hearted devotion to public duty, and quiet hard work will command respect.”

Little Red Book Quotes “A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.”

Propaganda

Propaganda

Effects of Cultural Revolution Schools closed Factory production slowed In 1969, Chinese army restored order by sending Red Guards away to work the rural fields

China after Mao After Mao Zedong died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping took over. Deng Xiaoping didn’t believe that China had to be self-sufficient. He thought that China had to work with the rest of the world.

Deng Xiaoping His goal was to help China achieve wealth and power

Four Modernizations 1.) modernizing agriculture 2.) expanding industry 3.) developing science and technology 4.) upgrading China’s military

Responsibility System Each family is responsible for making its own living The government leased land to peasants Farmers sell some of the harvest to the govt They can then sell profit on the open market

Responsibility System in Industry Commune factories were interested in quantity rather than quality This system let individual managers have a say in what to produce.

One Child Policy Started in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping, still goes on today

One Child Policy Why? Control population Not enough resources for increasing population

One Child Policy How? Give families wage raises for only 1 child Forced abortions Fine those who want to have more

FOR the Policy People who live in cities Chinese government

Against the Policy Women, gender imbalance is occurring Ethnic Han, only allowed to have one child

Tiananmen Square Massacre also called: June 4th Incident Beijing, China, 1989

Where? Tiananmen Square Beijing, China

When? Protests started on April 14th, 1989 Chinese government sends army in on June 3rd at 1030PM and the Square is cleared by 6AM on June 4th.

Who? Pro-democracy supporters College students Chinese military

“Goddess of Democracy”

What happened? Chinese army opened fire on Chinese protestors Army arrested, tortured, and executed leaders of the students According to Chinese govt- 241 dead other estimates are in the 1,000-2,000 range

Chinese Army moving in

The Unknown Rebel aka: Tankman

Why? Deng Xiaoping and China’s leaders would not allow authority to be challenged Protests were a threat to Communism in China

TOTALITARIAN GOVTS SURVIVE BECAUSE OF FORCE!!!

CENSORSHIP!!!!

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