Chinese and mexican Revolutions Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present Chinese and mexican Revolutions

Chinese revolution

Partner Discussion Question What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900? Give TWO examples. Use the map for some extra insights!!!

China Revolution - Background China dominated by imperialist powers Government = Conservative and anti-foreign (remember the Boxer Rebellion!) BUT…Gov’t blamed for being weak due to the domination of foreigners

Chinese Revolution (1911-1912) Decline of the Qing Failed to modernize China Didn’t confront foreign powers Series of uprising and revolts mostly fought by peasants (as is the case in the decline of EVERY Chinese dynasty) Leadership of 1911 uprising is based on cooperation between intellectual elite (including Communists) and provincial Chinese warlords The Guomingdang (Nationalist) Party is formed

Group Discussion Question What difficulties might a newly formed government face in China in 1912? Who would the government want to appeal to (peasants, industrialists, intellectuals, military, etc.)?

China (Civil War) - Roots 1912 - China becomes a republic under Sun Yat-sen Chinese warlords overthrow the republican government and Sun Yat-Sen flees to Japan Other warlords (old provincial governors) fight the Nationalist Party for power 1928 – Sun Yat-sen’s successor, Chiang Kai-shek, eventually leads the Nationalists to power

Chinese Civil War (Roots) Sun Yat-sen

Chinese Civil War Under Chiang Kai-shek living conditions of the peasants do not improve Communists – supported by peasants Nationalists were seen as corrupt and favoring the elite and business classes The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, oppose the Nationalist government Mao forms the Red Army to fight against the Nationalist government

Chinese Civil War Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-Shek

Group Discussion Question What disadvantages did the Communist party and Red Army face in fighting against the Nationalists? What advantages did the Communist and Red Army have?

Chinese Civil War The Nationalists win many victories against the Communist Red Army Chiang and his Nationalist army surround the Red Army The Long March – Red Army retreats -started with 100,000 men and ends with 8,000 1939 - Communist and Nationalist join forces to fight against Japanese invasion Saves the Communist movement

The Long March

Chinese Civil War After WWII – Civil War continues 1949 – Mao’s Communist forces defeat Chiang’s Nationalist forces Communist forces used weapons given to them by the Nationalists to fight the Japanese Increased support from the Soviet Union Western democracies abandon support for Chiang Chiang/Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan off the coast of China Mao/Communists in charge of mainland China Separation of China still exists today Taiwan (Republic of China)

Retreat of Nationalist Forces

Partner Question What did the Communists believe was needed for China to become self-sufficient in the post-World War II era? How might China achieve this goal? (HINT: Think about Japan in the 1880s!!!)

China – Great Leap Forward Chinese communists want to build a better, more industrialized economy People worked in “communes” – large gov’t controlled cooperatives (work groups) Peasants made steel in their backyards Ultimately a disaster – 20 million people starved as production on farms slashed

China – Great Leap Forward

China – the Cultural Revolution Ideological division in China’s Communist Party Pragmatists – wanted practical reforms Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to take power away from pragmatists Red Guards – students who supported Mao Attacked teachers, people in authority Red Guard uses extreme force to conduct the Cultural Revolution 1968 – Mao uses Red Army to put a stop to the Cultural Revolution

China – the Cultural Revolution

China – the Four Modernizations 1976 – Mao dies Deng Xiaoping gained power Four Modernizations Improvements in agriculture, industry, science, defense End commune system – some private property Attract foreign investment Create more efficient factories operating on principles of supply and demand

China Deng Xiaoping

Group Discussion Question In the Four Modernizations, what aspect of the Chinese people’s lives is missing? What does Deng NOT address that the people may desire?

China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) Deng’s policy led to free enterprise (state capitalism) – but no political freedoms Students protested for more open political system in Tiananmen Square Protest brutally put down by government 1,000’s killed, many other imprisoned

China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

Mexican Revolution

Partner Discussion Question What aspect of Mexican society would have been most likely to have caused a political revolution? (HINT: Think about the early Latin American Revolutions in the early 1800s!!)

Mexican Revolution - Background Rigid social order remains Creoles Mestizos Africans Native Americans United States has great influence over Mexican economy (railroads, oil production, banking) Mexican Presidency – “job for life” position President Porfirio Diaz looking to grow Mexican industry with foreign capital

Porforio Diaz

Mexican Revolution - Background The Effects of the “Porfiriato” (or Policy of Porforio) Foreign and Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican workers and Mexican middle class Did nothing to improve the lives of the poorest Mestizos Neglected education Confiscated ejidos (or common lands)

Ejidos

Mexican Revolution By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz Political and social turmoil resulted Diaz said he was ready to retire Diaz reneges on his promise, jails his opponent (Francisco Madero), and the election results in widespread voter fraud Revolts occur. 1911 – Diaz is overthrown and exiled

Mexican Revolution Francisco Madero – despite being a wealthy landowner, promises agrarian reform Doesn’t fulfill his promise New rivals for influence among peasants/reformers emerge Emiliano Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico Francisco “Pancho” Villa – organized peasants from Northern Mexico

Francisco Madero Emilio Zapata “Pancho” Villa

The Mexican Revolution Huerta and the US 1913 - Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero Mexican general Conspires with US Ambassador to overthrow the Madero gov’t However, the US Gov’t doesn’t recognize this gov’t and sends forces to occupy the city of Vera Cruz (1914) Carranza The US backs Venustian Carranza, a politician more friendly to the US Zapata and Villa both fight Huerta as well

Mexican Revolution Victoriano Huerta Venustian Carranza

The Mexican Revolution Huerta is defeated and Carranza becomes President Carranza begins to gain support of peasants with promises of a new constitution Zapata and Villa now fight against Carranza Villa conducts raids in southwestern US US sends troops into Mexico to capture Villa but FAIL

Chasing “Pancho” Villa US General Pershing

Group Discussion Question We have seen SEVERAL Mexican mini-revolutions… why do revolutions keep occurring? What does the new president and his government fail to do?

The Mexican Constitution Ratified on January 31st, 1917 Universal suffrage Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry Limits work day to 8 hours Establishes a minimum wage Requires land reform

Mexican Revolution - Aftermath Zapata is tricked into capture and is executed in 1917 Villa agrees to a peace deal with Carranza but is later assassinated in 1923 Who gains? Mexican middle class, some Mexican workers, Indian culture (e.g. murals of Diego Rivera) PRI – the Institutionalized Revolutionary Party Picks Mexican leaders Little real democracy Who gains the least? Poorest Mexican agricultural workers Poorly paid Illiterate

Diego Rivera

Mexican Peasants