China and India

Toward Revolution  Fall of Qing -1911: Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Kuomintang) overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. -Fighting among groups for power  Yuan Shikai -Warlords form cliques -Leader of powerful clique in Northern China  Sun Yat-Sen -Leader of Kuomintang (Guomindang) -The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) pushed for modernization and nationalization

 1912:Sun became president of the Republic of China -“Three Principles of the People” (Nationalism, democracy, economic security) -Sun resigns presidency to General Yuan Shikai -Shikai betrays democratic ideals -Local revolts break out  1916:Civil war  1917: Enter WWI on side of Allies -Allies gave Chinese territories to Japan  3,000 angry students gather in Beijing May 4, 1919

 May Fourth Movement -Transform China into liberal democracy -Reforms would be meaningless in a China controlled by warlords  Sun Yat-sen and Kuomintang share aims of the movement  Many realized need to do something more radical -Serious attention given to Soviet communism -Li Dazhao: Intellectual that called for a reworking of Marxist ideology to fit China (Focus on peasants, not workers)  1921: Chinese Communist Party founded

Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement

 Sun Yat-sen -Disillusioned with Western democracies -Allies with the Communist Party  Lenin sent military advisors/equipment to China in : Whampoa Military Academy  Sun Yixian died in Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) heads the Kuomintang (Feared communism; promised democracy but became corrupt) -Peasants gave support to Chinese Communist Party.

 1930: Bloody civil war -Mao and Communists in south-central China -Recruited peasants into Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare  Nationalists attacked communists -1933: Nationalists surround Communists -Long March: 6,000 mile journey to safety in north -Solidified Mao’s leadership and attracted new followers

 Japan took advantage of China’s weakened situation -Invaded Manchuria  1937: Japan launched all-out invasion of China - “Rape of Nanking”  Japanese invasion forced uneasy truce between the Jiang’s and Mao’s forces -Unite to fight Japanese

 Nationalist Groups: -Indian National Congress & Muslim League  B.G. Tilak -Traditional, pro-Hindu nationalist leader -British exile to Burma for radical ideas  British promised reforms in return for service during WWI -Modest reforms, but refuse to honor war-time promises -Local protests Rowlett Act (1919): Jail protestors without trial for up to two years

 1919: Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar for peaceful protest -British banned public meetings -The British commander ordered troops to fire on crowd  Amritsar Massacre changed millions into nationalists Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer nicknamed “The Butcher of Amritsar” was the commander responsible for ordering the firing on civilians, including women children.

 Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as independence movement -Deeply religious approach to politics -Noncooperation: Gandhi urges Indian National Congress to follow this policy 1920: Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience-deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law  Gandhi launched this campaign to weaken British authority and economic power

 Gandhi asks Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections  Staged boycott of British cloth -Urged all Indians to weave their own cloth (Homespun movement) -Sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply.  Civil disobedience took economic toll on the British  1920: British arrest thousands who took part in strikes and demonstrations -Protests led to violence

 1930: Gandhi organized the Salt March to protest Salt Acts -Indians could only buy salt from the government (Taxed) -Gandhi and followers marched to the sea where the people made their own salt  Demonstrators marched to salt processing plant -Met with violence  60,000 people, including Gandhi, were arrested

 1935: British Parliament passed the Government of India Act: -Local self-government -Granted limited democratic elections -Limits: It did not grant total independence  The Government of India Act fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus. -Two groups had different visions for independence -Indian Muslims feared being outnumbered by Indian Hindus

 Breakup of Ottoman Empire  Growing Western political and economic interest -Spurred the rise of nationalism  Turkey kept its homelands  1919: Greek soldiers invade Turkey  1922: Mustafa Kemal, a nationalist leader -Successfully fought back Greeks and British -After winning, overthrew the last Ottoman sultan

 1923: Kemal became president of the Republic of Turkey and ushered in reforms -Separated laws of Islam from the laws of the nation -Abolished religious courts and created a new legal system -Granted women the right to vote -Launched government funded programs to industrialize Turkey  Kemal died in Left a legacy of a new national identity

 Britain and France occupy Middle East after WWI -Made the Middle East mandates (Govt’s entrusted to European nations) -Britain promised Palestine to Jewish Zionists and Arabs (Balfour Declaration) -Promoted Jewish emigration -Sense of betrayal felt by Arabs  Zionism -Est. Jewish homeland in Palestine -Led by Theodor Herzl

 Reza Shah Pahlavi seized power in 1921, and in 1925 deposed the ruling shah.  He set out to modernize the country  established public schools  built roads and railroads  promoted industrial growth  extended women’s rights  He kept all power in his own hands  He changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran

 In 1902, Abd al-Azis Ibn Saud began a successful campaign to unify Arabia  In 1932 the new kingdom was called Saudi Arabia  Ibn Saud carried on Arab and Islamic traditions. Loyalty was based on custom, religion, and family ties  Ibn Saud brought modern technology to the country, but limited to what was religiously acceptable.  No democracy was practiced

 Lord Cromer -Dominate government -Oversaw sweeping reforms -Bureaucracy, irrigation, public works -Ayan receive most benefits from British  Resistance -Middle class -Sons of effendi (Prosperous business families)  Growing nationalism -Dinshawai Incident (1906) -Villagers mob British officers after local woman shot -Harsh reprisals (Hanging, beaten, hard labor)

 Discontent and nationalism -Denied to travel to Versailles for treaty negotiations -Student-led riots result -Wafd Party emerges -Years of negotiations between Britain and Egypt  British withdraw in stages -Khedival regime preserved -Party factions fight for power -Could not give peasantry needed reforms