How the world was shaped via cultural and national identities Aim: How did Nationalism shape the world? 'Do Now: Define: Nationalism

 “Nation” a type of community, especially prominent in 19 th century  Distinct from clan, religious, regional identities  Usually based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience Sometimes common religion  Idea of nation has immediate relationship with political boundaries 2

 Cultural nationalism Johann Gottfried von Herder ( ) praises the Volk (“people”) Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm Literature, folklore, music as expressions of Volksgeist: “spirit of the people”  Political nationalism Movement for political independence of nation from other authorities Unification of national lands Giuseppe Mazzini ( ), “Young Italy” 3

The Crimean War [ ] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

The Crimean War [ ]

Florence Nightingale [ ] “The Lady with the Lamp”

Treaty of Paris [1856]  No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.  All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

Join my Young Italian movement! Neither pope nor king shall rule us, but rather a republic should rule Italy!

 Nationalist ideologies distrustful of indigenous minorities  Pogroms, violent attacks on Jewish communities in Russian Empire beginning 1881  Anti-Semitism rallying cry of many European nationalists  French military Captain Alfred Dreyfus framed for selling military secrets to Germany  Eventually exonerated, but great debate on loyalty of Jews in European societies 10

 Theodor Herzl (Austria, ) journalist at Dreyfus trial  Observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded that Enlightenment and revolution could not solve this human ill  Worked to create refuge for Jews by re- establishing Jewish state in Palestine Zion synonymous with Jerusalem  1897 convened first World Zionist Congress 11

In 1896, he called for the Jews to establish their own state. His writings helped establish Zionism, a movement devoted to the building of an independent Jewish state in Palestine. In 1897, he formed the first world congress of Zionists which met in Switzerland.

Degania, founded in 1909, was the first kibbutz, the unique communal villages that were a key feature of Socialist Zionism.

 Meeting after defeat of Napoleon  Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria, ) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire  Established balance of power  Worked to suppress development of nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian 15

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 Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek independence from Ottoman Turks, 1821 With European help, Greece achieves independence in 1830  Rebellions all over Europe, especially in 1848 Rebels take Vienna, Metternich resigns and flees But rebellions put down by

 Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups of regional kingdoms, city-states, ecclesiastical states Germany: over three hundred semiautonomous jurisdictions  Nationalist sentiment develops idea of unification  Count Camillo di Cavour ( ) and Giuseppe Garibaldi ( ) unify Italy under King Vittore Emmanuele II  Otto von Bismarck ( ) advances Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), uses wars with neighbors to unify Germany  Second Reich proclaimed in 1871 (Holy Roman Empire the first), King Wilhelm I named Emperor 18

Camillo Denso di Cavour Sardinia WILL lead the way in uniting and industrializing Italy!!

“I offer hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. Let him who loves his country in his heart, and not with his lips only, follow me.” Giuseppe Garibaldi

King Victor Emmanuel II and his Monument in Rome, Italy. It was built between

The unification of Italy and Germany 22

Map of the Unification of Italy,

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders