Warm-up 9/15 Predict what you think the sun’s structure looks like. You can draw a picture or write out your explanation. Make sure to include WHY you think the structure is how you described it.

Our Sun How did it form? Basic facts 99.8% of mass 100x diameter of Earth 5,527oC 92.1% H, 7.8% He Plasma Sun today Main source of Earth’s energy http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/524990main_FAQ10_full.jpg

How do we get the Sun’s energy? Need to know! Thermal energy Temperature Heat 3 Types of heat Occur in different parts of the Sun 1. Conduction Core Dense, hottest Hydrogen fusion

2. Radiation Light waves How energy gets to Earth Radiation Zone Energy moves slowly Thick layer

3. Convection Convection Zone Moves more quickly in this layer In fluids (liquids, gases, plasma) Material heated (conduction) Rises….why? Sinks….why? Repeat Convection Zone Moves more quickly in this layer Use beaker of hot water to watch movement of food coloring to see currents Use pinwheel over a flame to see currents in air

Test Corrections & Grade Reflection Part 1 - Corrections You may correct the math portion of the test for half credit. SHOW ALL WORK on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. Part 2 - Reflection Calculate your test score: Scantron score + math score (11 - # missed) Complete grade reflection DUE Thursday 9/18

Inner Solar Structure Review Core Radiation Zone Convection Zone

Outer Solar Structure Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Visible surface Temp. increases Red glow Corona Outermost layer Very hot Seen during an eclipse

Sun’s Magnetic Field What is a magnetic field? http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57597396/ What is a magnetic field? What causes a magnetic field? On the Sun? Effect of rotation Different rotation rates Magnetic field lines get wound up Eventually snap Use overhead with magnetic filings to show magnetic field lines of a magnet Use rubber band to simulate wrapping of magnetic field lines

Sunspots Intense magnetic field prevents convection. Cooler than nearby areas Appear in pairs Brightness & temp. http://oneminuteastronomer.com/1018/sunspots/

Sunspot Lab

Warm-up 9/18-19 How are conduction, convection and radiation similar? Give a real-life example of conduction, convection and radiation making an object warmer. What observations can you make about sunspots on the sun? Think about your graph.

Sunspot Cycle Predictable cycle 11-years Minimums Last maximum = 2013 Low # of prominences, flares and sunspots 11-years Cooler climate on Earth Minimums Last maximum = 2013 Last = 2008/2009 http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/johnson5/sunspotcycle.html

Surface Features Solar flares Prominence Caused by field snap High energy Explosive Prominence Loops/arches Follow magnetic field lines into space http://www.space.com/11506-space-weather-sunspots-solar-flares-coronal-mass-ejections.html Video in loop picture

Solar Wind & CME Solar Wind Plasma stream Hot, high speed http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/browse/2013/10/14/index.shtml Solar Wind Plasma stream Hot, high speed Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) Massive eruption Rearrangement of magnetic field lines Recent CMEs Effects on Earth Disrupt magnetic field shape Damage electronics Danger to astronauts

Aurora Interaction of particles and magnetic field Colors http://www.public.iastate.edu/~sdk/fick2003/october.html Aurora Interaction of particles and magnetic field Particles drawn to poles Colors Elements Altitude Constantly changing Borealis or Australis Video http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/09/pictures/110930-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-bright-colors/#/space163-aurora-borealis-from-space_41077_600x450.jpg

Warm-up 9/22-23 1. How are sunspots, solar prominences and solar flares similar? How are they different? 2. How are the aurora created? 3. Create a hypothesis for how other things in space form. 10 minute timer, #12 CT

Mass & Gravity & Weight …oh my! Definition Tool Units Gravity Definition 9.8 m/s2 Weight W = m*g Units Video in Astronaut pic: http://shows.howstuffworks.com/stuff-to-blow-your-mind/51310-stuff-to-blow-your-kids-mind-gravity-video.htm

How does this other stuff form? Nebula Evidence for formation from one nebula Nearly circular orbits Orbit in same direction Orbits in same plane Planets rotate in same direction (mostly)

What’s happening towards the Sun? http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/24/11-need-to-know-things-about-our-solar-system/ Heavier elements Hotter Terrestrial planets Asteroid belt Affected by Jupiter Objects may leave

What’s happening at the outer edge? http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/24/11-need-to-know-things-about-our-solar-system/ Cooler Lighter elements Gas giants Kuiper belt Icy chunks Asteroids Pluto Oort cloud Comets Source of Earth’s water?

The BIG picture! http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php/280231-Positions-of-Asteroid-Kuiper-Belts-amp-Oort-Cloud

You would weigh differently on Jupiter than on Earth! Mass Weight kg, g, lbs. Definition Doesn’t change with location Newtons Definition Can change with location http://pgceandteaching.wordpress.com/2013/06/18/the-difference-between-mass-and-weight/

It is HOW big? Astronomical Unit 1 AU = 9.3 x 107 mi Equals the average distance from the Sun to the Earth 1 AU = 9.3 x 107 mi 1 AU = 1.5 x 108 km 1 AU = 1.6 x 10-7 ly Practice! The Moon is 380,000 km away = _____ AU

Distance & Diameter Modeling

Exit Slip Create a way to remember the order of the planets. 1 – Create a model Create a way to remember the order of the planets.

Warm-up 9/24-25 How has gravity played a role in the forming of the rest of the stuff in the solar system? If you were on Jupiter, would you weigh more, less or the same as on Earth? If you were on Jupiter, would you have more, less or the same amount of mass as on Earth? Create your own definitions for planet, dwarf planet, moon, comet and asteroid. 4 – Critical Thinking

How do scientists define them? http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/dwarf_planets.html Planet Orbit only a star Round Dominant object in its orbit Dwarf planet Not dominant object in its orbit Tends to be small Rocky and icy Ceres is in the asteroid belt Eris is in the Kuiper belt, Dysnomia is its moon

Moons and Asteroids Moons Asteroid Orbit another body (not a star) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asteroidsscale.jpg Moons Orbit another body (not a star) Asteroid Orbit only a star Irregularly shaped Tend to be small Meteors Meteoroid Meteorite http://starryskies.com/The_sky/events/lunar-2003/planets.moons.jpg

Comets Orbit only a star Ball of frozen gas and dust http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets Comets http://14-billion-years-later.tumblr.com/image/16213560898 Orbit only a star Large, very elliptical orbits Ball of frozen gas and dust Coma

Orbits a star once every 90,465 days A new celestial body has been discovered! How should this body be classified and why? Orbits a star once every 90,465 days Volume is about 1/200th the size of Earth Large enough to be relatively round in shape Average surface temperature -229O C ~5.9 billion km from the a star Elliptical and angled orbit Crosses paths with another object

This object is also known as… PLUTO!!! Why is it not a planet? Orbit a star? Yes Round? Dominant object in orbit? NO! What is Pluto?

Warm-up 9/29 Where do you think the moon came from? Imagine the night sky. How many different ways have you seen the Moon in your life? Draw them!

Formation of the Moon Theories http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130710-moon-birth-impact-science-space-cover/ Former theories Captured by Earth’s gravity Formed at same time as Earth Collision of small planets Current theory Collision with early Earth Similar material to Earth Age – 4.5 billion years

Moon Basics Structure Gravity Magnetic field Atmosphere Rotation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon Moon Basics Structure Inner core, outer core Solid mantle Crust Gravity Magnetic field Atmosphere Rotation Distance to Earth Reflects sunlight http://www.madpc.co.uk/~peterl/Moon/Craters/Apennines.html

Moon Faces… no Phases Complete front of worksheet http://www.moonconnection.com/moon_phases.phtml Complete front of worksheet What is occurring in these phases? New Full Quarter Between phases Gibbous vs. crescent Waxing vs. waning Name the phase

Warm-up 9/30 & 10/1 How would your mass and weight change if you went to the Moon? What is the current theory on how the Moon was formed? Why do we only see one side of the Moon? Describe how the new moon and full moon are ‘created.’

Earth and its Moon Eclipses Lunar Why? Which phase?? Solar That’s cool! …but… Why don’t they happen all the time!?

Earth and its Moon Tides! Bay of Fundy

Earth and its Moon Big Picture Tides! Bay of Fundy Tides vs. Waves High vs. Low 2 tides Where do they occur?

What is needed for life to exist? Liquid water Habitable Zone What can effect HZ? Star – size and temperature Distance from star Size of planet Structure of planet Presence of atmosphere Other source of heat http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/summarylimitsofthenewhabitablezone

Is There Life Out There? Our Solar System (and beyond) Draw a picture of what you think life would look like on another planet, if it existed. Describe why you drew that image.

Solar Quiz What is the one thing that is absolutely essential for life? What do you think would be the next thing that would be most important for life? WHY? What are the two hottest parts of the sun’s structure? How does convection work? What do you think is the most interesting thing about the sun? WHY?

Warm-up: Solar Quiz 2.0 Using your notes…try again! What is the one thing that is absolutely essential for life? What do you think would be the next thing that would be most important for life? WHY? What are the two hottest parts of the sun’s structure? How does convection work? What do you think is the most interesting thing about the sun? WHY?

Warm-up 10/30-31 Why do humans create models? Provide two examples. Why would it be important for the model to be to scale? What does that even mean?

QUIZ! Describe what was found on Mars. THIS IS NOT A ONE WORD ANSWER! Talk about how much, in what form etc… What is one of Curiosity’s main missions on Mars? What did Curiosity find that is bad news for humans? What does this mean for humans going to Mars? HOMEWORK! Write a paragraph (5-8 sentences), in which you construct an argument either in favor or against the U.S. spending money on space exploration. The current budget for NASA is $17.7 BILLION! Should the U.S. continue to fund space exploration? Be sure to provide support for your argument! Use proper spelling and grammar!