At the End of the Nuclear Map Yuri Oganessian Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia 2 nd Conference “Advance in Radioactive Isotope Science ARIS 2014 June 1-6, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

92 U / T α = 4.5·10 9 y Chart of nuclides 82 Pb / stable Bi Th 102 No / T α ≈ 2 s about 50 years ago… Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model) Nuclear instability against spontaneous fission T SF = 2·10 -7 y T SF = y Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Island of Stability shoal peninsula continent New lands Neutron number P r o t o n n u m b e r Island of Stability Shoal New lands Macro-microscopic theory Peninsula Continent Sea of Instability about 40 years ago… LogT 1/2 s 1µs 1s1h 1y 1My A. Sobiczewski et al (2003)

SHE Pb neutrons → protons → Reactions of Synthesis LDM + Shell Corrections Cold fusion (38y) 6 elem. Neutron capture Hot fusion Hot fusion (15y) 8 elem. (20y) 6 elem. Act Ca (10y) 6 elem. Historical background: After discovery of nuclear fission 75 - years ago - 26 new chemical elements heavier than uranium was synthesized Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan A. Sobiczewski, K. Pomorski, PPNP 58, 292, 2007

Rf CN neutron number Sg Hs Ds Cn Total EVRs cross sections (cm 2 ) P. Moller et al., PR., C79, (2009) cold fusion 208 Pb, 209 Bi + 50 Ti,…… 70 Zn E x = MeV х = Fission barrier heights in MeV SHE Cn Fl Lv Fl Hs 48 Ca hot fusion 48 Ca-induced reactions E x = MeV х = 3 – 4 Island

Atomic number Total EVR’s cross sections (pb) Z 1 ·Z 2 /(A 1 1/3 +A 2 1/3 ) Cold fusion E x =12-15 MeV SHE Limitation of fusion Atomic number B n – B f (MeV) Total EVR’s cross sections (pb) Hot fusion E x ≈ 40 MeV SHE CN survival ~ exp(B n -B f ) K. Siwek-Wilczy´nska et al., PR C86, (2012) Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator Transmission for: EVR 35-40% target-like projectile-like Registration efficiency: for α-particles 87% for SF single fragment 100% two fragments ≈ 40% beam 48 Ca Experimental technique target

 –11.4 MeV Δy=y 1 -y 0 ≤ 2.2 mm ≤ 132 ms E R =7–15 MeV y=y 0 48 Ca 249 Bk target the beam was switched off SF  2  3 low-background detection scheme focal plane detector array separator Yu. Oganessian MeV mm 0.24 s MeV mm s MeV mm 0.51s MeV mm ms 9.96 MeV mm

1680 h 80 h /s 2·10 -6 /s per strip / position beam-on beam-off 213 Po 212 Po (α+e - ) Spectra of the α-like signals 211 Po 214 Po beam-off beam-on 252,254 Cf 80 h 1680 h 7·10 -5 /s Spectra of fission-like signals 1.5·10 -7 /s 111 SF α1α1 α2α2 α3α3 212 Po Yu. Oganessian 2010 Yuri Oganessian / Seminar at Tokyo Institute of Technology, June 04, 2014, Tokyo, Japan Expected numbers of random sequences ≤ 5·10 -10

Decay Properties of SHN

244 Pu + 48 Ca 4n3n 5n 244 Pu + 48 Ca 3n 4n 238 U + 48 Ca 3n 4n 242 Pu + 48 Ca 3n2n 4n 249 Cf + 48 Ca 245 Cm + 48 Ca 2n 3n Decay chains N= Even-Z Nuclei Z=

249 Cf + 48 Ca 242 Pu+ 48 Ca 244 Pu+ 48 Ca Energy spectra of alpha particles Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan Even Z Nuclei

Alpha - decay Theory I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. Sobiczewski Phys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003) Z-even Exp. Z-even

Spontaneous fission SHN even-even isotopes Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan SF critical zone R. Smolańczuk, PR. C 56 (1997) 812

Fl SHE β-stability line Lv Congress of IUPAC Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

[2] [1] [31] [2] 2n[4] 4n[10] [3] February, 2012 GARISDGFRS Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan Odd-Z Nuclei

[3] [73] [2] 2n[4] 4n[16] [6] June, 2013 GARISDGFRS + TASCA K. Morita this session

Odd Z Nuclei An excellent case for spectroscopic studies of the SHN in coincidence experiments D. Rudolf at this session Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

A/ZSetupLaboratoryPublications SHIPGSI DarmstadtEur. Phys. J. A32, 251 (2007) COLDPSI-FLNR (JINR)NATURE 447, 72 (2007) 286, BGSLBNL (Berkeley)P.R. Lett. 103, (2009) 288, , TASCA SHIP GSI – Mainz GSI Darmstadt P.R. Lett. 104, (2010) Eur. Phys. J. A48, 62 (2012) 287, , TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 111, (2013) P.R. Lett. 112, (2014) 292, GARISRIKEN TokyoAccelerator Progress Rep. (2013) Confirmations of DGFRS data

1.1h Island of over 50 nuclei produced in Act.+ 48 Ca reactions Nuclear Mainland Fission is terminating the decay chains at the Islan d 29 s 266 Lr 11 h 1.1h 271 Hs 4 s 277 Hs 3 ms 267 Sg 2min 2 s ~1 h ~ 0.02 pb ~1 pb ~10 pb

How to build a bridge between heavy and super-heavy nuclei Island Z= Mainland

Island neutrons protons 244 Pu+ 48 Ca t SF > 5 s σ ≈ 6-7 pb 4n How to build a bridge between heavy and super-heavy nuclei U( 48 Ca,3n) One decay was detected only t SF = 0.5 ms σ ≈ 0.25 pb Mainland Pu( 48 Ca,3n) K. Rykaczewski tomorrow No decays was observed

The discovery of SHE raised a questions The discovery of SHE raised a questions:

Pb β-β- waiting point Uranium HN β-β- β-β- Are SHN produced in stellar explosions? SHN Are SH atoms and nuclei different from lighter species? Where is the end of the nuclear landscape? …and what are the shapes and density of nuclei at the mass limit? Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Act + 48 Ca Expanded studies Search for new elements STRATEGY Neutron number proton number Fusion of 208 Pb and 209 Bi with projectiles A > 50 Fusion reaction of Actinide-target nuclei with 48 Ca projectiles σ ≈10 pb low intensity of RIB σ ≤0.07pb 50 Ti, 54 Cr, 58 Fe 0.3 pb σ ≤0.12pb Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Obviously... the field of the research is limited by the production of super heavy nuclei

Everything we know about SH-nuclei produced in 48 Ca-induced reactions: - Reaction of synthesis (CN and neutron evaporation) - Production cross sections (excitation functions) - Competing channels (background) - Decay chains (principal decay modes) - Half-lives of the SHN (and its α-decay products ) All achievements obtained in last decade : - in experimental technique, - in accelerator and plasma physics, - in detectors, - in target technologies, etc. and …allow us to think about a SHE-Factory …allow us to think about a SHE-Factory with production rate about 100 times higher than what we currently have

Factory of SHE

SHE-Factory Isotope production: Cm-248 Bk-249 Cf-251 New accelerator High beam dose of : Ca-48 Ti-50 Ni-64 SC- separator & sophisticated detectors To be increased 10 times Factor Depend of target durability Factor 3-5 is closely linked to the intellect Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Yu. Oganessian 2010 High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak- Ridge Cm248 α, SF Bk250 β - Cm 248 Cf252 α, SF Cf252 α, SF α, (n,f) Cf250 α Cf249 α, (n,f) 94 Pu244 α Pu243 β - Pu242 α Pu241 β -, (n,f) Pu240 α Pu Am246 β - Cm247 α, (n,f) N Pu246 β - Pu245 β - Am245 β - Am244 β - Am243 α Am242 β -,EC,(n,f) Am241 α Am Cm246 α Cm245 α, (n,f) Cm244 α Cm243 α, (n,f) Cm242 α Cm Bk 97 Cf 98 start Z Bk 249 Cf251 Cf 251 start new mode gave by now factor: 6.5 Cf 251 Isolation from the “Old 252 Cf sources” & mass separation

Lv Fl Cn Ds Hs Lv 293 Fl 289 Cn Rf Fl Hs 277 Ds 283 Sg, + Ca Cf 3n and 4n evaporation channels Cf - mixed target made in ORNL Search for new isotopes of Lv and element /0.22/0.36 HEAVIEST NUCLEI Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan α α α α α new:

Increase a beam dose Beam intensity&Beam time New accelerator Factory pµA~ 7000 h/year Production today: ~ 5·10 19 /y with Factory: 1.0·10 21 /y factor: 20 From ECR New cyclotron pµA New accelerator and new Lab. at Dubna Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

factor: 5-10 target station beam EVR’s transportinterfaceanalyzer Detectors acceleration Z, A 48 Ca Scheme of the production and delivery SH-atoms to the detectors Large acceptance SC-gas filled recoil separator Gas catcher Mass analyzer Actinides if necessary SHE Focal plane detector array Present Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan

Dubna, May 22, 2014

FLNR, JINR (Dubna) ORNL (Oak-Ridge, USA) LLNL (Livermore, USA) LLNL (Livermore, USA) ANL (Argonne, USA) GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) TAMU Cyclotron Institute (Texas, USA) GANIL (Caen, France) GANIL (Caen, France) RIAR (Dimitrovgrad, Russia) RIAR (Dimitrovgrad, Russia) Vanderbilt University (Nashville, USA) Collaboration Thank you Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan