The Peopling of the World Chapter 1 Pre-history- 2500 B.C.

Objectives WHI.2 Demonstrate knowledge of early development of mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by: Explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gather societies Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies Describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities Explaining how archeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples

How do we know about the development of Humans? Fossils Natural Hair, bones Artifacts Man-made Tools, clothing, jewelry Archaeologists Use radio carbon dating Stonehenge Example of archeological site Begun during Neolithic Era and completed during Bronze Age

Human Origins in Africa Pre-history Before the invention of writing Clues Artifacts: remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human made objects (archeologists) Can use artifacts to re-create early life (anthropologists) Human fossils (paleontologists) Footprints 1970s Mary Leakey found prehistoric footprints in East Africa Resembled modern human footprints belonged to australopitecines (hominids= walked upright) Evidence that humans walked upright 3.6 million years ago

australopithecines More Discoveries Hominids on the move Donald Johnson found a complete hominid skeleton in Ethiopia in 1974 Named Lucy after Beatles song 3.5 million years old Oldest skeleton to date 43 inches high Hominids on the move Walking upright allowed Hominids to move easier Developed opposable thumbs

Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Appeared in East Africa 2.5 million years ago Skeleton discovered by Mary Leakey 1960 at Olduvai Gorge “man of skill” Tools of lava rocks found Possible first hunter Homo Erectus Appeared in East Africa 1.6 million years ago “upright man” More intelligent Developed technology Tools and skills to meet needs Skillful hunters First to migrate on large scale Settled in India, China, SE Asia, and Europe First to use fire Controlled fire Developed beginnings of spoken language

Dawn of Modern Humans Development of Homo Erectus into Homo Sapiens “wise men” Larger brains Neanderthal’s Europe/SW Asia Powerfully built, well-developed muscles, thick bones, slanted brows Lived 200,000 – 30,000 years ago “cave-man” – large/bulky bodies Developed religious beliefs and rituals (funeral) Resourceful- made temporary shelters Vanished 30,000 years ago – no reason why Cro-Magnon’s Emerged 40,000 years ago Identical to Modern Humans Planned their hunts Survival easier= population grew quickly Advanced skill in spoken language

New Evidence 1994 1996 2.33 million year old jaw Found tools Suggests toolmakers emerged earlier than thought 1996 Neanderthal bone flute found 43,000 years old New concept of music

Humans Try to Control Nature Achievements in Technology and Art Focus shifts from survival to more advanced culture People of Stone Age were nomadic Hunter-gathers Increased food supply by inventing tools (Cro-Magnons) Technological revolution Use of stone, bone, and wood for different tools Expanded to knives, fish hooks, and harpoons Cro-Magnons used needles to sew animal hides

Paleolithic Art Paleolithic people wore jewelry made of seashells, lion teeth, and bear claws Carved small realistic sculptures of animals Cave paintings depicting wild animals Religious beliefs/magical power Communication Made from: egg whites, fat, plant juice, and blood Also used charcoal

Paleolithic Culture Language Burial of the Dead Formation of social groups Necessary for individuals to express concerns and feelings Requires an ability to understand ideas Use of symbols and words Hard to determine extent of language, no written language Burial of the Dead Comes with belief about dead Burial of human jaws/skulls practiced early on Unclear whether trying to protect dead or protect living from spirits of the dead All groups had special significance for skull Towards end of Paleolithic period, groups bury dead with jewelry Appearance of graves Holes in the back of the head

Neolithic Revolution 10,000 years ago seeds scattered, crops grew = Neolithic revolution Causes Climate change? warm temperatures = longer growing seasons More food = more people Steady source of food Early Methods Slash-and-burn farming Cut trees/grasses and burn Ash fertilizes the soil Plant for a couple years Move to replenish soil Domestication of Animals Taming of animals Slow evolution Constant source of food Revolution in Jarmo Foot of Zagros Mountains in Iraq Practiced agriculture 9,000 yrs ago

Villages Grow and Prosper Catal Huyuk South-central Turkey Example of early agricultural life Surplus of food= more time Skilled workers/ trade Agriculture developed independently throughout the world Africa Nile River Valley Wheat, barley China 8,000 yrs ago Yellow River (Huang He) millet Mexico/ Central America Corns, bean squash Peru Central Andes Tomatoes, potatoes

Objectives Describe key scientific findings about human origins List human achievements during the Stone Age Describe the emergence of modern humans Describe technological and artistic achievements of the Paleolithic Age Define and describe the Neolithic Revolution Give examples of the growth of farming

Gobekli Tepe

Objectives WHI.2 Revisited Demonstrate knowledge of early development of mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by: Explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter-gather societies Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies Describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities Explaining how archeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples