The Peopling of the World Prehistory-2500 B.C. Chapter 1 The Peopling of the World Prehistory-2500 B.C.

Section 1: Human Origins in Africa

Scientists Search for Human Origins Prehistory 5,000 years ago a time before writing

Scientific Clues Archaeologists Anthropologists Paleontologists Specially trained scientists who work to uncover the story of prehistoric peoples Archaeological digs are used to learn about early people Study artifacts: human –made objects Anthropologists study culture: people’s unique way of life Paleontologists study fossils: evidence of early life preserved in rocks

Culture Definition: shared ways (traits) of doing things Components of Culture Common practices, shared understandings and social organization How Culture is Learned Observation and imitation Taught through written or spoken language

Early Footprints Found Mary Leaky Laetoli in Tanzania in East Africa

1978 Prehistoric footprints found in preserved volcanic ash Australopithecines created footprints Creatures that walk upright are called hominids

U.S. anthropologist, Donald Johanson Ethiopia 1974 The Discovery of “Lucy” U.S. anthropologist, Donald Johanson Ethiopia 1974 Adult female hominid Nicknamed “Lucy” after the song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds 3.5 Millions years old

Hominids Walk Upright Lucy and other hominids who walked upright were australopithecines. Walking helped them travel and watch for danger, carry food and children Opposable thumbs were developed

The Old Stone Age Begins Earlier and longer part of the Stone Age is called the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Age Invention of tools, fire and language 2.5 million to 8000 B.C.

The Old Stone Age Begins Continued… New Stone Age or Neolithic Age 8000 B.C. – 3000 B.C. Polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops and raise animals

Homo Habilis May Have Used Tools 1960 Louis and Mary Leakey Oldavai Gorge northern Tanzania 2.5 m.y.a fossil Named Homo habilis “man of skill” Tools found with fossil

Homo Erectus Develops Technology 1.6 m.y.a Homo erectus “upright man” More intelligent and adaptable species Developed technology First hominids to migrate from Africa First to use fire May have begun spoken language

The Dawn of Modern Humans Believed that Homo erectus developed into Homo sapiens, “wise men”

The Dawn of Modern Humans Continued… Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons traditionally are classified as early groups of Homo sapiens 1997 DNA tests has shown that Neanderthals were not ancestors of modern humans.

Neanderthal’s Way of Life Quarry workers Neander Valley in Germany 200,000 to 30,000 y.a. fossils Developed religious beliefs and held rituals 60,000 y.a. funeral held in Shanidar cave in eastern Iraq Lived in caves or shelters made of wood and animal skins Mysteriously vanished about 30,000 y.a.

Cro-Magnons Emerge 40,000 y.a. Identical to modern humans 5’ 1/2” feet tall Migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia New tools, planned hunts

New Findings Add to Knowledge

Fossils, Tools, and Cave Paintings Chad and Kenya Toumai Ethopia 2.33 m.y.a Canada Flute What has been found in these areas?

Cave Paintings Found on every continent Oldest 35,000 y.a Cuevas de las Manos, Argentina Discuss the differences between paintings found in Europe and Africa versus Americas and Australia What are the purposes of cave paintings?

Humans Try to Control Nature Chapter 1 Section 2 Humans Try to Control Nature

Early Advances in Technology and Art

Tools Needed to Survive Old Stone Age people were Nomads and became known as hunters and gatherers.

Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Age

The Beginnings of Agriculture 10,000 y.a seeds planted which they harvested the next season Neolitic Revolution (agricultural revolution) began Shift from food-gathering to food-producing

Causes of the Agricultural Revolution Worldwide rising temperatures Population increased Farming provided a steady source of food

Early Farming Methods Slash-and-burn farming Ashes fertilized the soil

Otzi The Neolithic Ice Man

Domestication of Animals Taming of animals came slowly Hunters driven herds into ravines to be slaughtered

Agriculture in Jarmo 9,000 y.a Zagros Mts, northeastern Iraq Robert Braidwood Birthplace of agriculture

Villages Grow and Prosper Farming Develops in Many Places Africa, China, Mexico and Central America, Peru What was grown in each of these areas and where?

Catal Huyuk Village found in south-central Turkey, 1958 Homed 5,000-6,000 people What are the advantages/disadvantages?