Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 21 DNA Biology and Technology Lecture Outline Part 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants 21.3 DNA Technology Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants Important uses Produce human proteins in their seeds such as hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies Plants resistant to herbicides Plants resistant to insects Plants resistant to frost

Genetically engineered plants 21.3 DNA Technology Genetically engineered plants Corn, soybean, and cotton plants are commonly genetically altered. In 2011, 94% of the soybeans and 80% of the corn planted in the United States had been genetically engineered. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Herbicide-resistant soybean plants b. Nonresistant potato plant c. Pest-resistant potato plant (all): Courtesy Monsanto Figure 21.19 Genetically engineered plants.

Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants 21.3 DNA Technology Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transgenic Crops of the Future Improved Agricultural Traits Disease-protected Wheat, corn, potatoes Herbicide-resistant Wheat, rice, sugar beets, canola Salt-tolerant Cereals, rice, sugarcane Drought-tolerant Cereals, rice, sugarcane Cold-tolerant Cereals, rice, sugarcane Improved yield Cereals, rice, corn, cotton Modified wood pulp Trees Improved Food Quality Traits Fatty acid/oil content Corn, soybeans Protein/starch content Cereals, potatoes, soybeans, rice, corn Amino acid content Corn, soybeans Salt-intolerant Salt-tolerant b(both): Courtesy Eduardo Blumwald Figure 21.20 Genetically engineered plants for desirable traits.

Biotechnology products: Transgenic animals 21.3 DNA Technology Biotechnology products: Transgenic animals Gene is inserted into the egg that when fertilized will develop into a transgenic animal Current uses ____________: production of pharmaceuticals in the milk of farm animals ____________: includes fish, cows, pigs, rabbits, and sheep Mouse models: the use of mice for various gene studies ___________________: pigs can express human proteins on their organs making it easier to transplant them into humans

Production of a transgenic animal 21.3 DNA Technology Production of a transgenic animal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. human gene for growth hormone microinjection of human gene donor of egg development within a host goat human growth hormone Transgenic goat produces human growth hormone. milk fusion of enucleated eggs with 2n transgenic nuclei donor of eggs development within a host goat Cloned transgenic goats produce human growth hormone. Figure 21.21 Production of a transgenic animal. milk

What did we learn from the Human Genome Project (HGP)? 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy What did we learn from the Human Genome Project (HGP)? The human genome consists of about 3 billion bases and 25,000 genes. The human genome was sequenced in _____. There are many polymorphisms, or small regions of DNA that vary among individuals identified. Genome size is _________________ with the number of genes or complexity of the organisms.

What is the next step in the HGP? 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy What is the next step in the HGP? Functional genomics Understanding how the 25,000 genes function Understanding the function of _____________ (25% of DNA is comprised of these regions) Comparative genomics Help understand how species have evolved Comparing genomes may help identify base sequences that cause human illness Help in our understanding of gene regulation

Functional and comparative genomics 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy Functional and comparative genomics Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. b. c. a (top): © Digital Vision/Getty RF; a (bottom): © Getty RF; b (left): © Digital Vision/GettyRF; b (right): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Bob Coyle, photographer; c (left): © Digital Vision/Getty RF; c (right): © Getty RF Figure 21.22 Functional and comparative genomics between chimpanzees and humans.

21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy New endeavors Proteomics – the study of the structure, function, and interactions of cell proteins This can be difficult to study because: protein concentrations differ greatly between cells. protein location and concentration interactions differ from minute to minute. understanding proteins may lead to the discovery of better drugs. Bioinformatics – the application of computer technologies to study the genome

How can we modify a person’s genome? 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy How can we modify a person’s genome? Gene therapy – insertion of genetic material into human cells to treat a disorder In _______ therapy, cells are removed from the body for treatment, and then reintroduced back into the body. In _______ therapy, the vector is introduced directly into the body. Gene therapy has been most successful in treating cancer.

Gene therapy 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy Figure 21.23 Gene therapy. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. homologous chromosomes 2. Use retroviruses to bring the normal gene into the bone marrow stem cells. 1. Remove bone marrow stem cells. retrovirus defective gene viral recombinant RNA viral recombinant DNA 4. Return genetically engineered cells to patient. reverse transcription normal gene viral recombinant RNA 3.Viral recombinant DNA carries normal gene into genome. normal gene Figure 21.23 Gene therapy.