Greek Culture and Society Term II, Lecture 7 Greek Religion

2 Religion and worship

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4 Athens, theatre of Dionysus, seat of the priest of Dionysus

5 What was a Greek sanctuary? Sanctuary of Poseidon, Cape Sunion, Attica

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7 Main features of a Greek sanctuary Location Altar Temenos Priest Calendar

8 Altar of the Temple of Apollo, Gortyn, Crete

9 Temenos of the sanctuary of Zeus, Dodona

10 Everyday Rituals Home hearth is sacred to Hestia Everything hunted is sacred to Artemis Everything farmed is sacred to Demeter All sea-going activities are sacred to Poseidon All weather phenomena are sacred to Zeus Travelling and trading is sacred to Hermes Metal-working is sacred to Hephaistos Wool-working and household work are sacred to Athena

11 Hestia, the most gentle and charitable of divinities, guardian of the oikos

12 Ephaistos, the god blacksmith

13 Thundering Zeus

14 Greek Calendars Each polis had its own calendar The calendar was a calendar of festivals and sacrifices

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16 Sacred Calendar from Kos Month A: Batromeios ?: An ox from the Chiliastes to Hestia Hetaireia ?: Annual Festival to Zeus Polieus. Sacrifice of ox. 10 th : A pig and a kid to Dionysos Scyllites 20 th : An ox to Zeus Polieus 20 th : A pregnant sheep to Athena Polias 21 st : A pig and a kid to Dionysos Scyllites 23 rd : A sheep and a pregnant ewe to Demeter 24 th : A pig and a kid to Dionysos Scyllites Month B: Karneios ?: A pregnant ewe to Rhea 10 th : A heifer to Argive Royal Hera of the Marshes 11th: A pig to Zeus Machaneus 12 th : 3 sheep, an ox, ½ medimnos of barley and wine to Zeus Machaneus 12 th : Heifer/sheep to Athena Machanis Month C: Pedageitnion 21st: 3 sheep to the Heroes 28 th : A lamb to Herakles 28 th : An ox to Herakles Month D: Unknown 17 th : A sheep to Delian Apollo 17 th : An ewe to Leto 19 th : A goat to the Graces 20 th : A sheep and an ewe to Apollo Karneios and Artemis

17 The Panathenaic Procession It is generally accepted that the Parthenon Frieze portrays the Processions at the festival of the Great Panathenaia that was celebrated every four years in Athens

18 Athens, the Parthenon

19 Panathenaic Procession a proposed order Four little girls carrying a peplos for the life-size statue of Athena Polias Priestesses of Athena and Athenian women carrying gifts Sacrificial animals (cows and sheep) Metics (resident aliens), wearing purple robes and carrying on trays cakes and honeycombs for offerings Musicians playing the aulos and the kithara. A colossal peplos (for Athena Parthenos) hung on the mast of a ship on wheels Old men carrying olive branches Four-horse chariots with a charioteer and fully armed man (apobatês) Craftswomen (ergastinai - weavers of peplos) Infantry and cavalry Victors in the games Ordinary Athenians arranged by deme

20 Arrephoroi

21 Sacrificial animals (cows and sheep)

22 Musicians playing the aulos and the kithara

23 Old men carrying olive branches

24 Metics (resident aliens), wearing purple robes and carrying on trays cakes and honeycombs for offerings

25 Craftswomen (ergastinai - weavers of peplos )

26 Infantry and cavalry (who is missing?)

27 The Acropolis seen from the Panathenaic stadium

28 Eleusis

29 Demeter and Triptolemus

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31 Herma: Square or rectangular pillar of stone, terracotta, or bronze; a bust of Hermes' head, usually with a beard, sat on the top of the pillar, and male genitals adorned the base. 415: The Hermae affair

32 The Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi

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35 The Pythia

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38 Athenian Thesauron

39 Theatre of Apollo, Delphi The cult of excellence: music competition Hymn to Apollo Flute and kithara Acting and drama Painting

40 Stadium, Delphi Held in August, every four years Lasted 6-8 days 1. “Holy games”: showcase of Apollo’s victory over Python 2. Procession and sacrifice 3. Musical competition 4. Sport competition

The archaic aristocracies of Attica

Necropolises of Menidhi/Acharnae and Thoricus

The Mycenaean tombs of Thorikos

46 The cup of Nestor

47 Athens, monument of the eponymous heroes