Hatchery and Design Considerations What to do BEFORE you start?

Lecture 1: Farm Site Selection Objectives: Proper approach to site selection: conceptualization “Good” vs. “bad” information Water (part 1): quality criteria, source, capacity, tidal issues Soil (part 2): texture, chemical properties Vegetation, climatic, other determinants Evaluation process (part 3)

Conceptualizing the Site WHAT WENT WRONG?WHAT WENT WRONG? –IMPROPER SITE SELECTION –INAPPROPRIATE ENGINEERING –INADEQUATE FINANCING –INEFFECTIVE HUSBANDRY

SITE SELECTION IS CRITICAL: IT CAN DETERMINE: LOAN POTENTIALLOAN POTENTIAL ENGINEERING LAYOUT/DESIGNSENGINEERING LAYOUT/DESIGNS LEVEL OF EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCYLEVEL OF EQUIPMENT REDUNDANCY PRODUCTION METHODOLOGYPRODUCTION METHODOLOGY BUSINESS STRATEGYBUSINESS STRATEGY MARKETING/SALES STRATEGYMARKETING/SALES STRATEGY

WHY "BAD" SITES ARE SELECTED ALL THE WRONG REASONS! "THE LAND PRICE WAS A BARGAIN!“ "THE GOVERNMENT WUS JUS’ GIVIN’ IT AWAY!“ "HEY, IT WAS NEAR THE WATER!“ “...BUT THERE WERE OTHER FARMERS NEARBY.“ "NOBODY ELSE WANTED IT!"

CONCEPTUALIZE THE SITE: WHAT CONSTITUTES A SITE? A PIECE OF LAND? COAST? COUNTRY? A SPECIFIC PROFIT CENTER? A SPECIFIC PRODUCT? SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION?

ASSUMPTIONS STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND PLAN TO UTILIZE EVERY INCENTIVE STRIVING FOR INTEGRATION VERTICALVERTICAL

DISCLAIMERS NO SITE IS TYPICAL NO PROJECT IS ENTIRELY PREDICTABLE NO GOVERNMENT IS ENTIRELY ACCOMODATING MONEY DOES NOT GROW ON TREES THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES!!!

Hatchery Sanitation Purpose 1: prevent foreign agents from entering hatchery (What does this control?) Purpose 2: limits disease spread to tank of origin (doesn’t run from tank to tank, etc.

Is clear water clean??

Pick a good site!!!

Hawaiian Hatcheries, Phillipines

Typical Well Abstraction Perforated well screen (500 µM), 4 in. PVC Perforated well screen (250 µM) 2 in. PVC 2-3 hp self- priming/cooling centrifugal pump Discharge to hatchery Sealed concrete pump house high tide low tide hydrologic zone

Seawater Abstraction: well-point Microscreen- 1mm Pea gravel sand substrate Ocean bottom 24 in. perforated pipe 6-8 ft

Seawater Abstraction: open ocean intake

Hatchery Sanitation

Preventive Guidelines Reduces vertically-transmitted pathogens: 1) import only eggs, never juveniles/adults 2) eggs should be from SPF/high health facilities 3) wild individuals should be prohibited or all water, etc. needs to be disinfected 4) disinfect all eggs prior to stocking hatching containers (also disinfect/destroy all shipping containers) chemicals: iodophores (Argentyne) 100 ppm for min

Guidelines for Limiting Spread Disinfect all hatchery and personal equipment after or between use (equipment must be clean prior to disinfection) sports fishermen or farmers should never be allowed near facility (political issue) transfer/shipping equipment, vehicles must all be disinfected whenever leaving grounds do not overlook any possible source of contamination proper hatchery design limits spread

Biosecurity: General Issues Definition: the sum of all procedures in place to protect shrimp from contracting, carrying and spreading diseases critical to identify all known and potential vectors critical: use only seed from SPF or high- health facilities stocks monitored periodically for disease using rapid methodologies infection of facility = shut-down, complete disinfection (chlorine gas, formaldehyde, etc.)

Biosecurity: General Issues Other potential disease sources: incoming water facility should be isolated from other farms, processing plants, capture fisheries water should be recycled replacement water disinfected by chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light avoid vectors: gulls, dogs, crabs, etc. feeds ( prepared vs. raw)

Part 2. Biosecurity Recently, fish/shrimp disease agents and associated problems have spread from foreign countries to the U.S. major efforts established defense against disease due to severity of issue, parallel efforts were undertaken to design production systems to exclude diseases such systems are called “biosecure” zero water exchangekey issue: zero water exchange