Dr. Brian Kiepper Biological & Agricultural Engineering Poultry Science College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences The University of Georgia Environmental Sustainability Initiatives Panel: Water Conservation and Reuse

Animal Ag Sustainability 1. Environmental 2. Economic

Understanding Water Use any in-stream or off-stream utilization of surface or ground water the withdrawal of surface or ground water WITHOUT RETURN to the basin of origin What is Water USE? What is CONSUMPTIVE USE? What is NON- CONSUMPTIVE USE? the withdrawal of surface or ground water WITH RETURN to the basin of origin 1. Environmental

GCSWMPGCSWMP “The Plan”

Poultry Processing Water Use As is typical of many food processing industries, poultry processing is characterized by relatively high water use, most of it for non-consumptive purposes (Kroyer, 1991). Kroyer G., Food Processing Wastes. In: Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products. A. M. Martin (Editor). Elsevier Applied Science, New York, New York. pp Environmental

How Much Water Do I CONSUME? incorporation in product evaporation… CONSUMPTIVE USES: NON-CONSUMPTIVE USES: by-product transport heat transfer plant sanitation product / equipment washing employee hygiene… 1. Environmental

How has America’s water use changed over the last 50 years? U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268 ~500% Increase ~50% Increase 1. Environmental

Industrial Water Use Industrial freshwater withdrawals in billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) Category a Electric Power Generation Manufacturing Total a – includes public water supply Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy, 2007 The reduction in manufacturing water use is attributed to shifting manufacturing practices, water conservation, limits on industrial wastewater discharges, and increased globalization and outsourcing of industrial activities (Huston et al., 2004) 1. Environmental

Industrial Water Use Adapted from GCSWMP, Economic Water Waste Efficient Water Use Water Loss Intended Water Use Total Water Use

How Much Water Do I CONSUME? You can’t MANAGE what you don’t MEASURE 2. Economic

Water Conservation Water conservation is defined as the beneficial reduction of water use, water waste and/or water loss... - Georgia Comprehensive State-wide Water Management Plan. Section 2: Definitions (40) and Vickers, A Handbook of water use and conservation: homes, landscapes, businesses, industries, farms. Waterplow Press. 446 pgs. OR …increasing production without increasing total water use!

Water Reuse in Poultry Processing

Water Reuse Terminology Reuse Regeneration Recycling Single-Pass Multi-Pass Open- Loop Closed -Loop Type A Type B Type C Advanced Treatment Reclaimed Reconditioned Redistribution

Industrial Water Reuse - is the capture and reutilization of water within industrial processes with the intent of reducing total water use or increasing production without increasing total water use. The 3 general types of Industrial Water Reuse are: Water Reuse with NO Treatment Water Reuse with Limited or Targeted Treatment Water Reuse with Advance or Full Treatment

Industrial Water Reuse Options Basic Water Use Schematic (without any reuse) Adapted from Mann and Liu, 1999; Metcalf and Eddy, 2007 Operation 1 Operation 3 Operation 2 FreshwaterWastewater

Industrial Water Reuse Options Option 1: Water Reuse with NO treatment Adapted from Mann and Liu, 1999; Metcalf and Eddy, 2007 Operation 1 Operation 3 Operation 2 FreshwaterWastewater Reuse

Industrial Water Reuse Options Option 2: Water Reuse Limited or Targeted Treatment (treatment referred to as reclamation, regeneration) Adapted from Mann and Liu, 1999; Metcalf and Eddy, 2007 Operation 1 Operation 3 Operation 2 Freshwater Waste water Treatment a.k.a. - Open-Loop - Type A, B

Industrial Water Reuse Options Single point to single point –chiller – recondition – chiller –water and BTU recovery Multiple point to multiple point –chiller and final bird washer – recondition – scalder, evisceration, IOBW –greater water volume Adapted from Presentation by Gary Engstrom, Environmental Management Corporation, 2007 USDA – FSIS Terminology see § 416.2(g)

Industrial Water Reuse Options Option 3: with Full Treatment & Recycle Adapted from Mann and Liu, 1999; Metcalf and Eddy, 2007 Operation 1 Operation 3 Operation 2 Freshwater Treatment a.k.a. - Advanced Treatment Reuse - Closed-Loop - Type C - ZLD – “Zero Liquid Discharge”

Industrial Water Reuse Concerns Pathogenic Organisms Corrosion Scaling Accumulation of persistent wastewater constituents Biological Fouling