Role and responsibilities of Animal Health Research Institute in Aflatoxicosis Prof Dr.Essam Mohamed Ibraheem Director Deputy of Animal Health Research Institute Egypt

Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Agriculture Research Centre (ARC) Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Administration And Financial Affairs 37 Provincial Laboratories 14 Research Departments and 11 Units Reference Laborator y for Health Food Reference Laboratory for Veterinary poultry production

 AHRI is the scientific backbone of the governmental veterinary infrastructure  AHRI is the National Veterinary Laboratory for the Egyptian Veterinary Services.  AHRI has a contact and cooperation with international organisations (OIE, FAO, WHO, Harben Institute …etc) and reference labs (Weybridge, Pribright Lab. UK,FAPAS, FERA…etc)

 Testing and monitoring of all animal products and by-products for presence or absence of all biological agents.  Laboratory analysis of samples taken in all different surveillance programs in cooperation with GOVS.  Act as reference institute for testing poultry disease and harmful residues in food of animal origin.

 Performing different surveillance programs in cooperation with GOVS for endemic diseases of animal and poultry  Veterinary control on poultry industry in farms and hatchery.  Efficacy evaluation of veterinary drugs and insecticides.  Detection of pollution in water sources of animal, poultry and fish farms.

 Genetic analyzer 3500 applied biosystem  Ultra speed cooling centrifuge (Beckman) up to RPM  Real Time PCR 5 stratagene, step one  LC-MSMS  DNA synthesizer  VITEC  The most common Lab. instrument

Mycotoxicosis In Farm Animal In Egypt

1.Introduction and definition of problem: The frequent contamination by fungi in feeds has been causing serious problems of food industry in Egypt. On the other hand, mycotoxins are formed by some fungal species wherever environmental factors are conductive during harvesting, handling, transportation and storage.

The mycotoxins have serious effects upon the growth rates and health of human being and animals as some of mycotoxins has been found to be carcinogenic, tremorgenic, hemorrhagic and dermatitic for human and animals. This is direct the attention and researches towards studying various methods to prevent and control of mould growth and mycotoxins contamination in feeds.

2- Causes and sources of toxicosis : Direct method of Contamination : Feeding of contaminated feed by the toxic fungi and their mycotoxins. Direct method of Contamination : Feeding of contaminated feed by the toxic fungi and their mycotoxins. Indirect method of contamination: Feeding the polluted feed or feed ingredients with toxic fungi which under adverse environmental condition produced the respective mycotoxins. Indirect method of contamination: Feeding the polluted feed or feed ingredients with toxic fungi which under adverse environmental condition produced the respective mycotoxins. Environmental factors pollution by toxic fungi (worker hands,utensils, water, air ….etc.)which by other. Environmental factors pollution by toxic fungi (worker hands,utensils, water, air ….etc.)which by other.

The important toxic fungi The important toxic fungi TOXIC FUGI MYCOTOXINS TOXIC FUGI MYCOTOXINS Aspergillus spp. (A) A.flavus&A.parasiticus aflatoxins(B1,B2,G1&G2) aflatoxins(B1,B2,G1&G2)A.ochraceus&P.viridicatum ochratoxins. ochratoxins.

Fusarium spp. (F.) F.moniliforme&F.oxysporum Zearalenone&FB1 F.trichinactum Trichothecenes(T.2) Penicillium spp.(P) P.citrinum Citrinin P.patulum Patuline

The important cases of mycotoxicosis detected in Egypt( field cases) Zearalenone and ochratoxins abortion in goat detected at Borg-El Arab farm (Ragheb, 1994). Zearalenone and aflatoxin abortion in cow in different governorat in Egypt (Hassan et al., 2003 a). T-2 toxicosis in poultry due consumption of contaminated feed by Fusarium spp. ands their toxins (particularly T-2)( Mansour et.al., 2002)

Dermatological symptoms as in case of Trichophyton and Fusarium infections beside to cases of T-2 toxicosis ( Ragheb, 1994). Fumonisin B1 toxicosis in poultry due to feed and environmental contamination (Hassan et al.,2002) Respiratory infection of cow and buffalo (Hassan and Rahmy,2002 and Hassan et al.,2004 a)mainly due to spp. of aspergillus particularly A.fumigatus.

Diarrhea in poultry and large animals which included combined infection by fungi and mycotoxins beside to other bacterial and viral causes (Hassan, 2003 b). Nephropathy symptoms as in case of ochratoxicosis which included urinary tract infection and nephropathy (Hassan, 1994 and 1998 and Hassan et al., 2002, 2003 and 2004 a& b).

 A food contaminant is a substance not intentionally added to food but is present in such food as a result of manufacturing, processing, preparation, treatment, packing, packaging, transport or holding of such food, or as a result of environmental contamination.  Several types of mycotoxins, produced by fungi in foodstuffs such as nuts and dried fruits, are examples of a natural contaminant.

Aflatoxins are unique in being resistant to degradation under normal food processing conditions (Ciegler and Vesonder, 1983). This makes the selection of proper degradation methods that will effectively decompose aflatoxins, while retaining the nutritive quality and palatability of the treated food, a continuous challenge

*In general, the framework legislation of a country states that any food containing a contaminant in an amount that is unacceptable from a public health point of view, and in particular, at a toxicological level, cannot be marketed in that country. Contaminant levels are required to be kept as low as can reasonably be achieved by good practice

*regulations in Egypt are established to control the contaminants in foodstuffs to protect human health; - it include specific maximum limits for several contaminants for different foods - a reference to the sampling methods and performance criteria of analysis to be used

*Egypt refers to the Commission Regulation for setting up their national maximum limits for OTA (ochratoxin A) Although, the limits established are not identical to those in the EU, they are very similar.

The main purpose regarding food safety at national level is the availability of safe products by means of a food safety system based on *the adequate coordination of risk assessment, its management, and communication. *These points provide a system to establish effective measures or actions which are adequately proportioned, effective and specific to protect consumers' health..

In full collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation in Egypt, Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) prepared the Country Programme Framework 2012–17 outlining how the organisation can best complement efforts of the Government of Egypt to meet its development priorities

relating to agriculture, livestock, fisheries, natural resources and rural development objectives, including food and nutrition security and generating job opportunities in rural areas during

Strategic Objective: Drive policy reforms to improve Egypt’s competitiveness and address its looming food security crisis through i) development of a reliable user-friendly information base of data, prior studies, research; ii) ii) identification of national challenges and studying of success stories;

iii) development of policy recommendations iv) promotion of public awareness of challenges, success stories and policy recommendations for the future.

5- Prevention and control of mycotoxicosis Hygienic measures for prevention mycotoxins contamination in feeds Hygienic measures for prevention mycotoxins contamination in feeds Frequent examination program for feed considering the permissible levels which must not exceed 20 ppb. Frequent examination program for feed considering the permissible levels which must not exceed 20 ppb. Proper transportation, handling, processing and storage of feed Proper transportation, handling, processing and storage of feed The proper storage conditions must prevent mould growth and mycotoxoins production.(Proper aeration The proper storage conditions must prevent mould growth and mycotoxoins production.(Proper aeration

Recent methods for control of mycotoxin contamination: The chemical compound which used in degradation of mycotoxins have strong effects on biological system of human and animals and cause sever toxic degenerative pathological changes on body organs specially liver and kidney. The chemical compound which used in degradation of mycotoxins have strong effects on biological system of human and animals and cause sever toxic degenerative pathological changes on body organs specially liver and kidney. This direct the attention and researches towards studying on the role displayed by wild natural plant extract and biological methods on decontamination of microorganism. This direct the attention and researches towards studying on the role displayed by wild natural plant extract and biological methods on decontamination of microorganism.

Recent and safe method for detoxification of feed by extracts of natural plants, garlic, anion, mollases, citrus sineses, piper, ………..etc Recent and safe method for detoxification of feed by extracts of natural plants, garlic, anion, mollases, citrus sineses, piper, ………..etc the use of antioxidant substances as Zn,Selenium, Cobalt, Vits. A, E, B,and D are added to feed of animal and poultry the use of antioxidant substances as Zn,Selenium, Cobalt, Vits. A, E, B,and D are added to feed of animal and poultry. Biological detoxification: Biological detoxification:  Microbial detoxification: Using fungi and bacteria  Animal metabolism.

The biological approaches to mycotoxins detoxification will be taken to mean the biotransformation or degradation of mycotoxin by endogenous enzymes to a metabolites that either not toxic when ingested by animal or less toxic than original toxin and readily excreted from the body.

Future recommendation : ( Genetic engineering ) If the genes for the enzymes involved in mycotoxin degradation could be isolated and cloned. It might be possible to introduce these characters into target crop species. Genetic engineering techniques permit the introduction of single, desired traits into agronomically important plants, and such recombinant DNA methods could be coupled with conventional breeding programs in the generation of plant varieties, with an inbred character yielding mycotoxin-detoxification capability.

This is, at present, an entirely novel and undeveloped area in mycotoxin research All programs for prevention and control of mycotoxins in feeds will be reflected in good animal health and high quality products for human consumers.

*GAP (including storage) and traceability problematic *Great variation in process controls and levels of mechanisation *HACCP commonly not in place

aflatoxins in Domestic Foods aflatoxins in Imported Foods These programs are updated and reissued periodically because of changes in methodology, and number of products to be collected.