I. I.Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae Found in shallow open coastal settings where water temperature usually <20 o C Bottom depth typically <20 m Light readily available Highly productive, diverse ecosystems Productivity related to fast kelp growth rates

Fig. 16-7

Atlantic Fig. 16-9Pacific Fig. 16-8

I. I.Kelp Forests AtlanticPacific GrazersUrchinsUrchins, Abalones, Limpets Suspension Feeders Mussels PredatorsMaine Lobsters Sea Otters

I. I.Kelp Forests A. A.Factors Affecting Kelp Forests 1. 1.Intensity and frequency of winter storms 2. 2.Presence/Absence of urchin predators (sea otters/lobsters) 3. 3.Abundance and behavior of herbivores Winter storms can rip kelps from their holdfasts After severe storms, portions of sea floor may be stripped of kelp Urchins deprived of preferred foods (mature kelp or drift algae) may increase mobility and eat newly recruited kelps Grazing may prevent kelps from re-growing Leads to establishment of more resistant coralline algae Leads to urchin barrens vanaqua.org

Fig hopkins.stanford.edu

I. I.Kelp Forests B. B.Kelp Forest Ecology Sea otters/Lobsters important top-down regulators of community structure Prey on important grazers like urchins (Pac/Atl) and abalones (Pac) Urchins, abalones, other herbivores graze on attached seaweeds, drift kelp Urchin populations can have a major impact on community composition Fig

Fig

II. II.Plants A. A.Bryophytes Non-vascular plants Dominant gametophyte 1. 1.Marchantiophyta (liverworts) 2. 2.Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) 3. 3.Bryophyta (mosses)

bio1151.nicerweb.com

II. II.Plants B. B.Pteridophytes Vascular plants Dominant sporophyte 1. 1.Lycopodiophyta (club mosses) 2. 2.Pteridophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails) sierrapotomac.org malag.aes.oregonstate.edustevie8126.blogspot.com

II. II.Plants C. C.Seed Plants Vascular plants Dominant sporophyte 1. 1.Cycadophyta (sago palms) 2. 2.Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) 3. 3.Pinophyta (conifers) 4. 4.Gnetophyta (gnetales) 5. 5.Anthophyta/Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)**

cycads southafrica.net ginkgo ucmp.berkeley.edu conifers frogsonice.com Welwitschia biolib.cz

II. II.Flowering Plants (Anthophyta) True roots, stems, leaves Roots Mechanical anchors Absorb water, minerals Often with root hairs (increase surface area for absorption) May store carbohydrates Stems Elevate and separate leaves Elevate reproductive structures Nodes, internodes Leaves Main photosynthetic organ Blade, petiole, veins Specialized vascular tissues that transport water, minerals, nutrients Xylem – Water Phloem – Minerals, nutrients

thomson.fosterscience.com

parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma

micro.magnet.fsu.edu

II. II.Flowering Plants (Anthophyta) Monocots vs. dicots holganix.com